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pwgen's Issues

option -c to include at least one capital letter fails

I noticed the option -c (--capitalize) is not always honored in the output.

Here is as sample output:

pwgen -B --capitalize -y -n 10 20
Et&eeL3iet juPh+ie9Fu xoo%Piepi3 zo7vey*u7M bee"thah4o Nie7oothe^ peeb]i7fah
kaew7Jizu Uw+ee9naix Aito#Yie4a uphu;sa4La va4Cae:the hob~ai9Thu wiePae9Hu: ohm;oh9dee Egae\F4iet Pheeth3oe cie4wieJe( ueg7Pic-oh um4ciodi:e

in this run, 4 results do not have a capital letter.

This is frequently seen, almost every time.
My setup is: Debian Linux 10 (buster)
pwgen version: 2.08-1

`-y` includes backlash

Backslashes are historically hard to handle, and if you have several layers that de-escape, you might need to express them with powers-of-two amounts of backslashes.

Modulo Bias

pw_random_number(max_num) simply performs a modulo of a random integer against the number of elements in the character array. Since there is no check whether the maximum integer value is divisible by the number of elements in the character array, modulo bias is introduced. This would need to be fixed before the command is used to generate passwords for a high security environment.

8 character passwords are now easily crackable, change the default to 12

According to the password table published by hive systems, even the most secure 8 character passwords generated by this tool are now crackable within 5 minutes.

The link above explains how they came up with the table. Since the password table changes every year, I would like to include the table as it stands this year (2023) into this issue.

Number of characters Numbers Only Lowercase Letters Upper and lowecase Letters Numbers, Upper and lowecase Letters Numbers, Upper and lowecase Letters, Symbols
4 Instantly Instantly Instantly Instantly Instantly
5 Instantly Instantly Instantly Instantly Instantly
6 Instantly Instantly Instantly Instantly Instantly
7 Instantly Instantly 1 sec 2 secs 4 secs
8 Instantly Instantly 28 sec 2 mins 5 mins
9 Instantly 3 secs 24 mins 2 hours 6 hours
10 Instantly 1 min 21 hours 5 days 2 weeks
11 Instantly 32 min 1 month 10 monts 3 years
12 1 sec 14 hours 6 years 53 years 226 years

I think we can no longer adhere to the nist recommendation of 8 character passwords.

The NIST document linked to above was updated to include the

Removal of pre-registered knowledge tokens (authenticators), with the recognition that they are special cases of (often very weak) passwords.

Since passwords are still very much in use, I am raising this issue so that we can consider moving the default length of the passwords generated by pwgen to 12 instead of 8.

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