Cloud Native Lab - Simple Workshop demonstrating Cloud-Native development with Spring Boot and Pivotal Cloud Foundry.
- Initializr
- Web
- Actuator
- Profiles
- Cache
- Data
- Data Migration (Flyway)
- Scheduling
- Messages (AMQB)
- Deployment
- Scaling / Auto-Scaling
- Self-Healing
- Metrics
- Logging
- Market Place
- MySQL
- Redis
- RabbitMQ
https://docs.cloudfoundry.org/cf-cli/install-go-cli.html
Intellij recommended .. The Community addition is free.
Using an non-Java IDE, can cause issues with test formatting as well as lack of "auto imports".
Access will be provided during the workshop, or you can sign-up for a free access at : https://run.pivotal.io
Key points:
- Spring Boot Initializr
- Maven
- Maven Wrapper
0.1 - Generate a Spring Boot Template from https://start.spring.io
Stick to the default settings, however update:
- for dependencies add Spring Web Starter
Download it, and unzip it.
NOTE - Make sure that the Spring Web Starter Dependency was added -- you should see spring-boot-starter-web in your pom.xml
Note the mvnw file: This is the Wrapper components for Maven: ensuring build script version consistency, removing the dependency of having these build tools installed , and simplifying CI build agent dependencies (only a JDK will be required).
Note make sure to do an import and not just open , to allow for your IDE to correctly pull down dependencies.
Key points:
- Spring Boot Web
- Creating a Simple Helloworld endpoint
- Running the App locally
- No XML!
This can be done by creating a HelloWorldController Java class file with:
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class HelloWorldController {
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, path="/")
public String helloWorld(){
return "Hello world";
}
}NOTE: Maven instructions are for Bash/Linux/MacOS ... for Windows , replace calls to ./mvnw with mvnw.cmd
./mvnw spring-boot:runOn Windows machines:
mvnw.cmd spring-boot:runNOTE: if you have trouble running Maven Wrapper (mvnw) it is most likely due to Proxy issues, try regular Maven (not wrapper)
To build the artifact:
Run:
./mvnw packageOn Windows machines:
mvnw.cmd packageTo run your built application:
java -jar ./target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jarNote Tomcat is embedded inside of the build artifact (you don't need an external application Server).
The address will be: localhost:8080
You can test via a browser or commandline:
curl localhost:8080This can be done by creating a HelloWorldControllerTests Java class file in the test/java directory with:
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.TestRestTemplate;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
public class HelloWorldControllerTests {
@Autowired
private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
@Test
public void testHelloWorld(){
String body = restTemplate.getForObject("/",String.class);
assertThat(body).contains("Hello world");
}
}With Intellij, you can now run the Test by right clicking on it.
From the commandline you can run them with:
./mvnw testOn Windows machines:
mvnw.cmd testFix the broken test -- hint the strings don't match
Note: RestTemplate and TestRestTemplate are the conventional ways for invoking / and testing HTTP/Rest calls.
Key points:
- Deploying to PCF
- Scaling in PCF
cf login -a ENTER_API_URL_HEREEnter your Username and Password.
cf push cloud-lab -p target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jarNote with multiple lab participants, the default route generated based on application name will probably NOT be available, to solve this deploy with the random-route parameter.
cf push cloud-lab -p target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar --random-routeThis will automatically create a new application in your default PCF development space, with the specific jar artifact deployed.
Note that PCF will automatically detect that this is a Java application, and use the appropriate BuildPack.
If you are using Pivotal Web Services, the portal is at:
Click through to your app by selecting the default space and org.
Your route to the application (URL) will be presented besides your application.
Either provision more instances or more space.
This can be done via the command line or via the GUI.
To scale up to 2 instances:
cf scale cloud-lab -i 2Via the GUI observe additional instances being spun up.
Add the following dependency to your pom.xml file.
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.micrometer/micrometer-core -->
<dependency>
<groupId>io.micrometer</groupId>
<artifactId>micrometer-core</artifactId>
<version>1.1.5</version>
</dependency>Create the HomePageController.
import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Metrics;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class HomePageController {
@Value("${vcap.application.name:localMachine}")
private String applicationName;
@Value("${vcap.application.space_name:localSpace}")
private String spaceName;
@Value("${vcap.application.instance_id:localInstanceId}")
private String instanceId;
@RequestMapping("/")
public String index(){
Metrics.counter("application.indexpage.request").increment();
return "PCF Info: " + applicationName + "@" + spaceName + " " + instanceId;
}
}Build and redeploy to PCF. Hit the homepage URL and note the PCF information.
This includes Round Robin load balancing when you have multiple instances running.
Key points:
- Spring Boot Actuator - including walk-through of available endpoints
- Spring Boot Dependency Management (no need for individual artifact versioning)
- Exposing additional Actuator information
- Build / and GIT information
The Spring Actuator Dependency adds out-of-the-box endpoints for monitoring and interacting with your application.
The full name of the dependency is : org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator
<dependencies>
<!-- other dependencies -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- other dependencies -->
</dependencies>Your pom.xml should now contain a section that looks like:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>Re-run the application
./mvnw spring-boot:runVerify that it works on your local running instance of the app:
curl localhost:8080/actuator/healthYou can also use a browser
To the application.properties file in resources add:
management.endpoint.health.show-details=ALWAYSLater on in the Workshop this endpoint will also show external dependency status and information (including Data, Cache, and Messaging).
This will require running rebuilding the application:
./mvnw spring-boot:runcurl localhost:8080/actuator/healthCurrently exposed actuator endpoints can be viewed at: http://localhost:8080/actuator
For security reasons, many of the these endpoints are turned off by default.
They can be ALL enabled by adding the following to your application.properties file:
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=*Rebuild, and check the http://localhost:8080/actuator endpoint for available ones.
We want to be able to easily view build information from running instances of our app.
You will need to generate a META-INF/build-info.properties in your class path .. this can be automated :
For Maven in the pom.xml .. update the build block to the following .. note the addition of the executions block:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>build-info</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>Rebuild, and check the http://localhost:8080/actuator/info endpoint.
For Maven users, the spring-boot-starter-parent POM includes a pre-configured plugin to generate a git.properties file. To use it, add the following declaration to your POM:
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>pl.project13.maven</groupId>
<artifactId>git-commit-id-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>Note this requires that you have run a "git init" command on your working directory for this project
@RequestMapping("hello")
public String helloWorld(){
Metrics.counter("application.helloworld.hit").increment();
return "Hello world!!";
}Restart your app, hit the endpoint .. and access the /actuator/metrics endpoint.
Note the addition of application.helloworld.hit
Key points:
- Dealing with Crashes
- Metric and Logging
- Auto-Scaling
- Zero down-time deployments
Add a new KillController with a Kill endpoint/
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class KillController {
@RequestMapping("/kill")
public void kill(){
System.exit(1);
}
}Rebuild your app, and redeploy to PCF.
./mvnw package && cf push cloud-lab -p target/cloud-lab-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jarcf logs cloud-labNote that PCF will automatically bring up a new instance.
This can be monitored from the PCF Dev Portal.
You can also view what happened in the logging window from the previous step.
For additional information, you can also drill down into the *PCF Metrics" option in the Application page in PCF. This includes more in-depth logging, and crash analysis.
https://docs.cloudfoundry.org/devguide/deploy-apps/manifest.html
cf create-app-manifest cloud-labYou can customize deployment settings, as well as default binary path.
https://docs.run.pivotal.io/appsman-services/autoscaler/using-autoscaler.html
Blue-green deployment is a technique that reduces downtime and risk by running two identical production environments called Blue and Green.
At any time, only one of the environments is live, with the live environment serving all production traffic. For this example, Blue is currently live and Green is idle.
cf push cloud-lab-2 -p build/libs/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jarRight now, we have 2 deploys apps running (they can be different version of the application).
4.6.2 - Route all cloud-lab subdomain traffic to cloud-lab2 (in addition to our original cloud-lab instance).
For reference, current Routes can be viewed with:
cf routesNote the domain used for your cloud-lab apps.
Route cloud-lab subdomain traffic to cloud-lab:
cf map-route cloud-lab-2 ENTER_PCF_DOMAIN --hostname cloud-labReplace ENTER_PCF_DOMAIN with domain from cf routes step.
cf unmap-route cloud-lab ENTER_PCF_DOMAIN --hostname cloud-lab
Note, all cloud-lab subdomain traffic will now be mapped to our recent deploy.
Replace ENTER_PCF_DOMAIN with domain from cf routes step.
Cloud Foundry community members have written plugins to further automate the blue-green deployment process. These include:
Autopilot: Autopilot is a Cloud Foundry Go plugin that provides a subcommand, zero-downtime-push, for hands-off, zero-downtime application deploys. BlueGreenDeploy: cf-blue-green-deploy is a plugin, written in Go, for the Cloud Foundry Command Line Interface (cf CLI) that automates a few steps involved in zero-downtime deploys.
Add the io.micrometer:micrometer-registry-prometheus dependency to your pom.xml:
Maven:
<dependency>
<groupId>io.micrometer</groupId>
<artifactId>micrometer-registry-prometheus</artifactId>
</dependency> cf install-plugin -r CF-Community "metric-registrar" cf register-metrics-endpoint cloud-lab /actuator/prometheusCreate and Bind the Forwarder Service --
This is required for Custom Application Metrics.
cf marketplaceContact your PCF Cloud Ops team if it is not.
You can use a plan and name of your choice.
cf create-service metrics-forwarder unlimited myforwardercf bind-service cloud-lab myforwardercf restage metrics-demoKey points:
- Spring Boot Profiles
- Configuration precedence
Spring Boot lets you externalize your configuration so that you can work with the same application code in different environments.
https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/boot-features-external-config.html
@RestController
public class HelloWorldController {
@Value("${helloworld.message:'Hola Mundo - default!'}")
private String helloMessage;
@RequestMapping("hello")
public String helloWorld(){
return helloMessage;
}
}Note #1 : the usage of the default value in case nothing is found (optional).
Note #2 : You may have to fix broken tests!!
helloworld.message="Hello World - default config file"Default should be "Hello World - default config file"
Key points:
- The cloud profile
- Spring Cloud Config Server overview
PCF deploys will automatically load cloud profile settings.
In the resources folder, add a application-cloud.properties file.
Add:
helloworld.message="Hello World - cloud only"Build and Redeploy to PCF.
Verify the updated message at the /hello endpoint.
Note: You can also use the Spring Config Server (available as a Service in the MarketPlace) to inject properties from an external source such as a GitHub repo.
Key points:
- Spring Boot Cache
- The Cacheable annotation
One example would be performing an uppercase operation on a String with a time delay.
@RestController
public class CacheExampleController {
@RequestMapping("/uppercase")
public String uppercase(String input ){
try {Thread.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
return input.toUpperCase();
}
}Rebuild, rerun the app.
From the browser you can call : http://localhost:8080/uppercase?input=test
Or using curl:
curl http://localhost:8080/uppercase?input=testNote how the /uppercase endpoint is always slow.
The full name of the dependency is : org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-cache
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-cache</artifactId>
</dependency>Updated CacheExampleController should look like:
@Cacheable("uppercase")
@RequestMapping("/uppercase")
public String uppercase(String input ){
try {Thread.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
return input.toUpperCase();
}You will also need to turn on Caching (app wide) by adding the EnableCaching annotation to your app.
This can be done in the CloudLabApplication class:
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableCaching
public class CloudLabApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(CloudLabApplication.class, args);
}
}Restart your app, and verify that subsequent calls to the endpoint return much quicker.
Note, the default cache implementation uses local in-memory caching, but this can be easily change to use 3rd party caching solutions such as Redis.
Given a String, evict it from the Cache.
Hint: CacheEvict annotation
Key points:
- Spring Boot Redis
- CF MarketPlace / Service Broker
- Binding Services to App Instances
- Creating a Redis Instance in PCF
The dependencies are: org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-redis org.apache.commons:commons-pool2
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-pool2</artifactId>
</dependency>Rebuild, and redeploy to PCF.
You can view available self-self / on-demand provisioning services via the marketplace.
cf marketplaceTo create a Redis Service run:
cf create-service p-redis shared-vm custom-rediscf bind-service cloud-lab custom-redisRestage your app:
cf restage cloud-labConfirm connection to your Redis Server using the health endpoint: /actuator/health
Also confirm that cache is still working.
**TIP -- To get more readable "pretty" JSON output in browser, install a JSON Extension **
In application.properties add:
spring.cache.type=SIMPLEIn application-cloud.properties add:
spring.cache.type=REDISVerify that Caching works locally and in PCF.
Key points:
- Spring Boot Data / Rest
- Auto-generated Rest Compliant endpoints for Entity Domain Objects
- Default Data using import.sql
- Project Lombok
The full name of the dependencies are : org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-rest com.h2database:h2
One example would be a Person object with First and Last names variables.
@Entity
public class Person {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
private long id;
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
}Also create a PersonRepository interface:
public interface PersonRepository extends JpaRepository<Person, Long> {}Create a import.sql file in the resources/ directory.
INSERT INTO PERSON(id, first_name, last_name) VALUES (1, 'Tony', 'Stark');
INSERT INTO PERSON(id, first_name, last_name) VALUES (2, 'Steve', 'Rogers');
Restart your app, and view the localhost:8080/persons.
The default is configured to use the embedded H2 Database.
Note how the Interface / and Entity Object were sufficient for Spring Boot to generate Rest compliant endpoints with fully implemented database calls.
Note, the default data implementation uses a local in-memory storage (H2), but this can be easily changed to something else like MySQL.
Add the following to the applications.properties file.
spring.jpa.show-sql=trueRestart your app, you should now see all SQL statement in the log output.
This can be useful in identifying what actual SQL calls Spring Data is making.
Hint - Add the Lombok dependency , and use the Data annotation.
Project Lombok is a java library that automatically plugs into your editor and build tools to can reduce Java Boiler Plate code in a number if ways including: Getter/Setter generation, Builder Pattern implementation, Checked Exception handling, and Resource Management.
Full list of features are available at:
https://projectlombok.org/features/all
Key points:
- MySQL Connector
- Creating a MySQL Instance in PCF
The full name of the dependency is : mysql:mysql-connector-java
You can view available self-self / on-demand provisioning services via the marketplace.
cf marketplaceTo create a MySQL Service run:
cf create-service p-mysql 100mb custom-mysqlcf bind-service cloud-lab custom-mysqlRestage your app:
cf restage cloud-labConfirm connection to your MySQL Server using the health endpoint: /actuator/health
Try to hit the /persons endpoint.
It won't work as the database used does not have the required Persons tables created.
Where as with local H2 database usage (from the previous) step, Spring Boot auto-generates (from scratch) the necessary tables schemas each time the app is run. With a long-lived / externalized / and shared database (such as MySQL) , we need a better strategy for keeping database schemas up-to-date.
Key points:
- High-level Database Migration Versioning Tools
Spring Boot supports two higher-level migration tools: Flyway and Liquibase.
We will use Flyway for performing MySQL migrations.
The full name of the dependency is : org.flywaydb:flyway-core
In the resources folder , create a db/migration sub-folder.
In it create a V1__init.sql file (resources/db/migration/V1__init.sql).
Add the following to it:
CREATE TABLE PERSON (
id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
first_name varchar(255) not null,
last_name varchar(255) not null,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
INSERT INTO PERSON (first_name, last_name) VALUES ('Peter', 'Parker');You can look at http://localhost:8080/actuator/flyway to review the list of scripts.
FlyAway will only apply updates as needed, and keeps track of scripts run (in the flyway_schema_history table).
11.4 - BONUS - Add a middleName value to the Person Object , and create Database Migration scripts for this
private String middleName;
public String getMiddleName() {
return middleName;
}
public void setMiddleName(String middleName) {
this.middleName = middleName;
}Create a V2__person_middle_name_addition.sql file (in db/migration).
Add the following to it:
ALTER TABLE person ADD middle_name varchar(255);Build and redeploy to PCF.
Flyway will automatically upgrade the Database Schema version to v2.
Hint: Add a method definition with a Caching annotation to the PersonRepository interface.
11.6 - BONUS - Deploy the PivotalMySQLWeb App into PCF to view the flyway_schema_history schema / and row values.
App can be downloaded from:
https://github.com/pivotal-cf/PivotalMySQLWeb
It will also need to be bound to your MySQL instance.
You will also need to turn on Scheduling (app wide) by adding the EnableScheduling annotation to your app.
This can be done in the CloudLabApplication file:
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableCaching
@EnableScheduling
public class CloudLabApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(CloudLabApplication.class, args);
}
}EnableScheduling ensures that a background task executor is created. Without it, nothing gets scheduled.
Our example will display the time:
@Component
public class ScheduledTasks {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ScheduledTasks.class);
private static final SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss");
@Scheduled(fixedRate = 5000)
public void reportCurrentTime() {
log.info("The time is now {}", dateFormat.format(new Date()));
}
}Restart your app.
Note the additional time messages in the output.
http://localhost:8080/actuator/scheduledtasks
Other options for scheduling tasks and can be seen at : https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/integration.html#scheduling
Key points:
- Spring Boot AMQP
- Sending and Receiving Messages
The full name of the dependency is : org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-amqp
In a new QueueController java file , add:
@RestController
public class QueueController {
@Autowired
private AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate;
@RequestMapping("/sendmessage")
public void sendMessage(String input){
amqpTemplate.convertAndSend("myQueue",input);
}
@RequestMapping("/getmessage")
public String getMessage(){
Message message = amqpTemplate.receive("myQueue");
if(message == null)
return "Queue empty";
return message.toString();
}
}This will send messages to the default the "Default" exchange, with the "myQueue" routing key.
For purpose of workship, unlike Caching / Data , we will go directly to testing in PCF
If do have a local instance of RabbitMQ, you can point to it by updating your application properties with the correct connection settings:
application.properties
spring.rabbitmq.host = 127.0.0.1
spring.rabbitmq.port = 5672
spring.rabbitmq.username = guest
spring.rabbitmq.password = guestYour RabbitMQ instance will need to have a queue create called myQueue. Messages sent to the Default exchange with the myQueue routingkey will be automatically routed to the myQueue queue.
Key points:
- Creating a RabbitMQ Instance in PCF
You can view available self-self / on-demand provisioning services via the marketplace.
cf marketplaceTo create a RabbitMQ Service run:
cf create-service p-rabbitmq standard custom-rabbitmqcf bind-service cloud-lab custom-rabbitmqIn the PCF Dev Portal:
In your DevSpace, select your RabbitMQ instance, and click Manage.
This will pull up the RabbitMQ control GUI.
Under the Queues tab, select add a new queue.
Call it "myQueue".
The Default Exchange will route to specific queues based on specified routing key.
Confirm connection to your RabbitMQ Server using the health endpoint: /actuator/health
Rebuild and deploy your app to PCF , with the changes from the previous step.
To send message, curl or point your browser to /sendmessage?input=YOUR_MESSAGE_STRING
To receive messages, curl or point your browser to /getmessage
For reference see the Metrics Demo repository at https://github.com/vicsz/spring-boot-metrics-demo.
This will involve creating your own custom Slack Webhook, and updating your Logback.xml with a Slack Appender.
Tip - to avoiding disclosing your Slack Webhook URL, instead of adding it to source control, inject is as an environment variable in PCF.
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