Codax is an idiomatic transactional embedded database for clojure. A codax database functions as a single (potentially enormous) clojure map, with a similar access & modification api.
Version 1.4.0 implements upgradable transactions. (using with-upgradable-transaction macro) and fixes an RCE vulnerability.
See the changelog for details on upgrading from earlier codax versions.
Even simple programs frequently benefit from saving data to disk. Unfortunately, there is generally a large semantic leap once you go from values in memory to values on disk. Codax aims to close that semantic gap. While it won't win any speed contests, it is designed to be performant enough for applications serving thousands of users. Most importantly, it is designed to make data persistance as low friction as possible. It is also designed to be effortless to get started with. There are no external libraries to install, and the underlying B+ tree is written directly in clojure.
Fundamentally, I wrote this library for myself in an ongoing effort to make my own life simpler and my own programming more fun. I wanted to share it with the community in the hopes that others may find it does the same for them.
Codax provides the following guarantees:
- Atomic - Every transaction is completed fully, or not at all
- Consistent - The database always represents a valid clojure map
- Isolated - No reader or writer will ever see data from an incomplete transaction
- Durable - All writes are synced to disk before returning
This library has been, and continues to be, successfully used in production environments.
If your project may eventually outgrow codax, keep an eye on Dresser, which can use codax under the hood and allows you to switch database backends later.
Note: all public api symbols have doc-strings which may provide additional details.
Database Functions
open-database!- Opens or creates a database, or returns an existing database connection if it's already openclose-database!- Safely closes an open databaseclose-all-databases!- Safely closes all open databasesis-open?- Checks if a database is opendestroy-database!- Deletes a database and all its data irretrievably (intended for use in tests).
Transaction Macros
These take a database argument and a transaction-symbol and bind the symbol to a newly created transaction. Transactions are isolated from each other. Read-transactions evaluate to the value of their body, but a (successful) write-transaction evaluates to nil.
with-read-transaction- creates a read transactionwith-write-transaction- creates a write transaction (body must evaluate to a transaction or an exception will be thrown)with-upgradable-transaction- creates a read transaction that will upgrade to a write transaction if the transactions calls any modification function. Details and examples in upgradable transactions.md. added in 1.4.0
In-Transaction Functions
These are all similar to the clojure.core map *-in (e.g. assoc-in) with the following exceptions:
- their first argument is a transaction instead of a map
- their second argument is a path (see below)
- their value argument or result (in the case of update) must be conformant
These must be called within a with-write-transaction or a with-read-transaction expression. Changes will only be persistent if with-write-transaction is used.
get-atassoc-atupdate-atmerge-atdissoc-at
Shortcut Functions
These are the same as the transactional-functions except that their first argument is a database instead of a transaction. These are convenience functions which automatically create and execute transactions. The write variants will also return the result of the modification.
get-at!assoc-at!update-at!merge-at!dissoc-at!
Seek Functions added in 1.2.0
These allow you to get ordered subsets of data from the database "map" in the form of ordered key-value pairs. Each accepts optional :limit and :reverse keyword parameters. They follow the same naming conventions of the other functions (plain variants expect a tx argument and ! variants expect a db argument).
seek-at&seek-at!- get ordered key-value pairs from the map at the providedpathseek-from&seek-from!- get ordered key-value pairs from the map at the provided path for keys >=start-valseek-to&seek-to!- get ordered key-value pairs from the map at the provided path for keys <=end-valseek-range&seek-range!- get ordered key-value pairs from the map at the provided path for keys >=start-valand <=end-valseek-prefix&seek-prefix!- get ordered key-value pairs from the map at the provided path for string or keyword keys which begin withval-prefixseek-prefix-range&seek-prefix-range!- get ordered key-value pairs from the map at the provided path for string or keyword keys which begin with a value between (inclusive)start-prefix&end-prefix
See Seek Examples
A path is a vector of keys similar to the [k & ks] used in function like assoc-in with a few exceptions:
- they are limited to the following types:
- Symbols
- Keywords
- Strings
- Numbers (float/double use is strongly discouraged)
- true
- false
- nil
- java.time.Instant
- org.joda.time.DateTime
- the path can only target nested maps, and cannot be used to descend into other data structures (e.g. vectors).
- you can get the empty path (e.g.
(get-at db [])returns the full database) but you cannot modify it (e.g.(assoc-at [] :foo)throws an error)
If you need support for additional types, please review doc/types.md.
- non-map values of any type serializable by nippy
- this will only be relevant to you if you are storing custom records or exotic datatypes. Out of the box, virtually all standard clojure datatypes are supported (i.e. you don't need to do anything special to store lists/vectors/sets/etc.)
- the serialization is performed automatically, you do not need to serialize values manually
- maps and nested maps whose keys conform to the valid path types listed above
- custom types may require whitelisting, see #30
Immutability
Transactions are immutable. Each transformation (e.g. assoc-at, update-at) returns a new transaction, it does not modify the transaction. Essentially you should treat them as you would a standard clojure map, one that you interact with using the *-at functions.
Example:
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx-original]
(let [tx-a (c/assoc-at tx-original [:letter] "a")
tx-b (c/assoc-at tx-original [:letter] "b")]
tx-a))
(c/get-at! db [:letter]) ; "a"See the FAQ for examples of potential pitfalls.
Visibility
Changes in a transaction are only visible to subsequent transformations on that transaction. They are not visible anywhere else until committed (by being the final result in the body of a with-write-transaction expression). The changes are also not visible in any read transaction opened before the write transaction is committed.
Example:
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(-> tx
(c/assoc-at [:number] 1000)
(c/update-at [:number] inc)))
(c/get-at! db [:number]) ; 1001
Exceptions
If an Exception is thrown within a with-write-transaction expression, the transaction is aborted and no changes are persisted.
Locking
Write transactions block other write transactions (though they do not block read transactions). It is best to avoid doing any computationally complex or IO heavy tasks (such as fetching remote data) inside a with-write-transaction block. See Performance for more details.
(require [codax.core :as c])(def db (c/open-database! "data/demo-database")) ;
(c/assoc-at! db [:assets :people] {0 {:name "Alice"
:occupation "Programmer"
:age 42}
1 {:name "Bob"
:occupation "Writer"
:age 27}}) ; {0 {:age 42, :name "Alice", ...}, 1 {:age 27, :name "Bob", ...}}
(c/get-at! db [:assets :people 0]) ; {:name "Alice" :occupation "Programmer" :age 42}
(c/update-at! db [:assets :people 1 :age] inc) ; 28
(c/merge-at! db [:assets] {:tools {"hammer" true
"keyboard" true}}) ; {:people {...} :tools {"hammer" true, "keyboard" true}}
(c/get-at! db [:assets])
;; {:people {0 {:name "Alice"
;; :occupation "Programmer"
;; :age 42}
;; 1 {:name "Bob"
;; :occupation "Writer"
;; :age 28}}
;; :tools {"hammer" true
;; "keyboard" true}}
(c/close-database! db)(def db (c/open-database! "data/demo-database"))
;;;; init
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(c/assoc-at tx [:counters] {:id 0 :users 0}))
;;;; user fns
(defn add-user
"create a user and assign them an id"
[username]
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(when (c/get-at tx [:usernames username] )
(throw (Exception. "username already exists")))
(let [user-id (c/get-at tx [:counters :id])
user {:id user-id
:username username
:timestamp (System/currentTimeMillis)}]
(-> tx
(c/assoc-at [:users user-id] user)
(c/assoc-at [:usernames username] user-id)
(c/update-at [:counters :id] inc)
(c/update-at [:counters :users] inc)))))
(defn get-user
"fetch a user by their username"
[username]
(c/with-read-transaction [db tx]
(when-let [user-id (c/get-at tx [:usernames username])]
(c/get-at tx [:users user-id]))))
(defn rename-user
"change a username"
[username new-username]
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(when (c/get-at tx [:usernames new-username] )
(throw (Exception. "username already exists")))
(when-let [user-id (c/get-at tx [:usernames username])]
(-> tx
(c/dissoc-at [:usernames username])
(c/assoc-at [:usernames new-username] user-id)
(c/assoc-at [:users user-id :username] new-username)))))
(defn remove-user
"remove a user"
[username]
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(when-let [user-id (c/get-at tx [:usernames username])]
(-> tx
(c/dissoc-at [:username username])
(c/dissoc-at [:users user-id])
(c/update-at [:counters :users] dec)))))
;;;;; edit users
(c/get-at! db) ; {:counters {:id 0, :users 0}}
(add-user "charlie") ; nil
(c/get-at! db)
;; {:counters {:id 1, :users 1},
;; :usernames {"charlie" 0},
;; :users {0 {:id 0, :timestamp 1484529469567, :username "charlie"}}}
(add-user "diane") ; nil
(c/get-at! db)
;; {:counters {:id 2, :users 2},
;; :usernames {"charlie" 0, "diane" 1},
;; :users
;; {0 {:id 0, :timestamp 1484529469567, :username "charlie"},
;; 1 {:id 1, :timestamp 1484529603444, :username "diane"}}}
(rename-user "charlie" "chuck") ; nil
(c/get-at! db)
;; {:counters {:id 2, :users 2},
;; :usernames {"chuck" 0, "diane" 1},
;; :users
;; {0 {:id 0, :timestamp 1484529469567, :username "chuck"},
;; 1 {:id 1, :timestamp 1484529603444, :username "diane"}}}
(remove-user "diane") ; nil
(c/get-at! db)
;; {:counters {:id 2, :users 1},
;; :usernames {"chuck" 0, "diane" 1},
;; :users {0 {:id 0, :timestamp 1484529469567, :username "chuck"}}}
(c/close-database! db)
Directory Example
(def db (c/open-database! "data/example-database"))
(c/assoc-at! db [:directory]
{"Alice" {:ext 247, :dept "qa"}
"Barbara" {:ext 228, :dept "qa"}
"Damian" {:ext 476, :dept "hr"}
"Adam" {:ext 357, :dept "hr"}
"Frank" {:ext 113, :dept "hr"}
"Bill" {:ext 234, :dept "sales"}
"Evelyn" {:ext 337, :dept "dev"}
"Chuck" {:ext 482, :dept "sales"}
"Emily" {:ext 435, :dept "dev"}
"Diane" {:ext 245, :dept "dev"}
"Chelsea" {:ext 345, :dept "qa"}
"Bob" {:ext 326, :dept "sales"}})
;; - seek-at -
(c/seek-at! db [:directory])
;;[["Adam" {:dept "hr", :ext 357}]
;; ["Alice" {:dept "qa", :ext 247}]
;; ["Barbara" {:dept "qa", :ext 228}]
;; ["Bill" {:dept "sales", :ext 234}]
;; ["Bob" {:dept "sales", :ext 326}]
;; ["Chelsea" {:dept "qa", :ext 345}]
;; ["Chuck" {:dept "sales", :ext 482}]
;; ["Damian" {:dept "hr", :ext 476}]
;; ["Diane" {:dept "dev", :ext 245}]
;; ["Emily" {:dept "dev", :ext 435}]
;; ["Evelyn" {:dept "dev", :ext 337}]
;; ["Frank" {:dept "hr", :ext 113}]]
(c/seek-at! db [:directory] :limit 3)
;;[["Adam" {:dept "hr", :ext 357}]
;; ["Alice" {:dept "qa", :ext 247}]
;; ["Barbara" {:dept "qa", :ext 228}]]
(c/seek-at! db [:directory] :limit 3 :reverse true)
;;[["Frank" {:ext 113, :dept "hr"}]
;; ["Evelyn" {:ext 337, :dept "dev"}]
;; ["Emily" {:ext 435, :dept "dev"}]]
;; - seek-prefix -
(c/seek-prefix! db [:directory] "B")
;;[["Barbara" {:dept "qa", :ext 228}]
;; ["Bill" {:dept "sales", :ext 234}]
;; ["Bob" {:dept "sales", :ext 326}]]
;; - seek-prefix-range -
(c/seek-prefix-range! db [:directory] "B" "D")
;;[["Barbara" {:dept "qa", :ext 228}]
;; ["Bill" {:dept "sales", :ext 234}]
;; ["Bob" {:dept "sales", :ext 326}]
;; ["Chelsea" {:dept "qa", :ext 345}]
;; ["Chuck" {:dept "sales", :ext 482}]
;; ["Damian" {:dept "hr", :ext 476}]
;; ["Diane" {:dept "dev", :ext 245}]]
(c/close-database! db)
Messaging Example
(def db (c/open-database! "data/example-database")) ;
(defn post-message!
([user body]
(post-message! (java.time.Instant/now) user body))
([inst user body]
(c/assoc-at! db [:messages inst] {:user user
:body body})))
(defn process-messages
[messages]
(map (fn [[inst m]] (assoc m :time (str inst))) messages))
(defn get-messages-before [ts]
(process-messages
(c/seek-to! db [:messages] (.toInstant ts))))
(defn get-messages-after [ts]
(process-messages
(c/seek-from! db [:messages] (.toInstant ts))))
(defn get-messages-between [start-ts end-ts]
(process-messages
(c/seek-range! db [:messages] (.toInstant start-ts) (.toInstant end-ts))))
(defn get-recent-messages [n]
(-> (c/seek-at! db [:messages] :limit n :reverse true)
process-messages ;;
reverse)); we reverse the result because we want the messages to be in chronological order
; but we needed to use the :reverse seek parameter to prevent collecting all
; of the messages from the beginning of time (there could be many thousands!)
(defn simulate-message! [date-time user body]
(post-message! (.toInstant date-time) user body))
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-06T11:01" "Bobby" "Hello")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-06T11:02" "Alice" "Welcome, Bobby")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-06T11:03" "Bobby" "I was wondering how codax seeking works?")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-06T11:07" "Alice" "Please be more specific, have you read the docs/examples?")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-06T11:08" "Bobby" "Oh, I guess I should do that.")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-07T14:30" "Chuck" "Anybody here?")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-07T14:35" "Chuck" "Guess not...")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-08T16:50" "Bobby" "Okay, so I read the docs. What is the :reverse param for?")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-08T16:55" "Alice" "Basically, it seeks from the end and works backwards")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-08T16:56" "Bobby" "Why would I do that?")
(simulate-message! #inst "2020-06-08T16:57" "Alice" "Well, generally it is used to grab just the end of a long dataset.")
(get-recent-messages 3)
;;({:user "Alice" :time "2020-06-08T16:55:00Z" :body "Basically, it seeks from the end and works backwards"}
;; {:user "Bobby" :time "2020-06-08T16:56:00Z" :body "Why would I do that?"}
;; {:user "Alice" :time "2020-06-08T16:57:00Z" :body "Well, generally it is used to grab just the end of a long dataset." })
(get-messages-after #inst "2020-06-07T14:32")
;;({:user "Chuck" :time "2020-06-07T14:35:00Z" :body "Guess not..."}
;; {:user "Bobby" :time "2020-06-08T16:50:00Z" :body "Okay, so I read the docs. What is the :reverse param for?"}
;; {:user "Alice" :time "2020-06-08T16:55:00Z" :body "Basically, it seeks from the end and works backwards"}
;; {:user "Bobby" :time "2020-06-08T16:56:00Z" :body "Why would I do that?"}
;; {:user "Alice" :time "2020-06-08T16:57:00Z" :body "Well, generally it is used to grab just the end of a long dataset." })
(get-messages-before #inst "2020-06-06T11:05")
;;({:user "Bobby" :time "2020-06-06T11:01:00Z" :body "Hello"}
;; {:user "Alice" :time "2020-06-06T11:02:00Z" :body "Welcome, Bobby"}
;; {:user "Bobby" :time "2020-06-06T11:03:00Z" :body "I was wondering how codax seeking works?"})
(get-messages-between #inst "2020-06-07"
#inst "2020-06-07T23:59")
;;({:user "Chuck" :time "2020-06-07T14:30:00Z" :body "Anybody here?"}
;; {:user "Chuck" :time "2020-06-07T14:35:00Z" :body "Guess not..."})
(c/close-database! db)
Why aren't all my changes being saved?
Because transactions are immutable, if an updated transaction is discarded, the transformations it contains will not be committed.
Incorrect:
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(c/assoc-at tx [:users 1] "Alice") ; this write is "lost"
(c/assoc-at tx [:users 2] "Bob"))
(c/get-at! db [:users]) ; {2 "Bob"}Correct:
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(-> tx ; thread the transaction through multiple transformations
(c/assoc-at [:users 1] "Alice")
(c/assoc-at [:users 2] "Bob")))
(c/get-at! db [:users]) ; {1 "Alice" 2 "Bob"}Why am I getting a NullPointerException in my Write Transaction?
A common cause is that the body of the with-write-transaction form is not evaluating to (returning) a transaction.
Incorrect:
(defn init-counter! []
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(when-not (c/get-at tx [:counter])
(c/assoc-at tx [:counter] 0))))
(init-counter!) ; nil (it works the first time)
(init-counter!) ; java.lang.NullPointerException (the body evaluates to nil)
Correct:
(defn init-counter! []
(c/with-write-transaction [db tx]
(if-not (c/get-at tx [:counter])
(c/assoc-at tx [:counter] 0)
tx))) ;; if the counter is already initialized, return the unmodified transaction
(init-counter!) ; nil
(init-counter!) ; nil
Codax is geared towards read-heavy workloads.
- Read-Transactions block nothing
- Write-Transactions block other Write-Transactions
- Stage-1 Compaction blocks Write-Transactions (slow)
- Stage-2 Compaction blocks both Reader-Transactions and Write-Transactions (fast)
Jan 14, 2017
The following figures are for a database populated with 16,000,000 (map-leaf) values running on a Digital Ocean 2-core 2GB RAM instance. The write transactions have an average "path" length of 6 and an average 7 leaf values.
- ~320 write-transaction/second
- ~1640 read-transactions/second
- ~2700ms per compaction (compaction happens automatically every 10,000 writes)
This benchmark is a bit dated, but a similar benchmarking function is available as codax.bench.performance/run-benchmark.
...
Insights, suggestions, and PRs are very welcome.
Copyright © 2023 David Scarpetti
Distributed under the Eclipse Public License either version 1.0 or (at your option) any later version.
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