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Electromagnetic methods in geophysics - open educational resources.

Home Page: http://em.geosci.xyz

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Makefile 0.01% Python 0.09% HTML 99.76% TeX 0.14% CSS 0.01%
education electromagnetics geophysics geoscience open-science reproducible-science

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danielbild-enkin avatar dccowan avatar dougoldenburg avatar fourndo avatar grosenkj avatar jcapriot avatar lacmajedrez avatar lheagy avatar micmitch avatar mikemcm avatar pbellive avatar prhjiajie avatar prisae avatar rowanc1 avatar sannatti avatar sdevriese avatar sgkang avatar thast avatar whimian avatar yangdikun avatar

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em's Issues

Maxwell IV: TDEM

  • Governing Equations
    • Induction Number
  • Three loop - tdem
    • Coupling
    • Resistive / conductive limit
  • Fields from grounded sources
    • halfspace (talk about apparent conductivity here too)
    • layered earth
    • sphere
    • plate
  • Fields from inductive sources
    • halfspace (talk about apparent conductivity here too)
    • layered earth
    • sphere
    • plate
  • Footprint and Depth of investigation ??

Similar structure to #101

MIM #2

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/data.html
The writing is pretty terse. Anything more to be added? Also why is one IP pseudosection truncated and the other not? We were unable to fit the long off-set IP data and hence they were winnowed in the inversion. The paper talks about this. Expand as you can and I'll try to fill in the blanks. Your images are great but they will have more impact if there is extra dialogue/learning associated with them.

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/processing.html
Extra comments about the individual 2D inversions on p-dp or dp-p?


_A resistive domain on the western edge of the survey, marked by a steeply dipping contact near location 11,300 m, which may correspond to the Surprise Creek Formation
      Hard to locate 11,300 on the image.


      The synthetic geology model is complicated and the initial paper was never interpreted in terms of that complexity. I think the essential geology is from east to west

(a) eastern volcanic zone (resistive)
(b) native Bee which houses breakaway shales and norvit
(c) potential western Surprise Creek (which is resistive) It may be that the Moondarra is not be a significant unit. The western side is thus Surprise Creek and Eastern Volcanics
(d) between (b) and (c) there might be another resistive and slightly conductive zone (moondarra and Eastern Creek volcanics quarzites) but we can't distinguish between the quartzites and surprise creek and also between moondarra and native Bee. Trying to tie our inversion images to all of these elements means were a likely over interpreting, and in process, making things complicated.

A narrow, steeply dipping conductor near 12,300 m, adjacent to a more resistive unit, possibly the conductive Breakaway Shale within a resistive Native Bee Siltstone._

My story, and the one laid out in the paper, is consistent with
(a) resistor in the west
(b) a background low conductivity unit that includes a mid-sized conductor (novit) and a large conductor (black shale)
(c) and for the southern half: a resistive unit to east and indication of a conductor.

If we can simplify our geology to that general model then we can be in step with the images and geologic interpretation presented in the case history.


Fig 89: Is this the final figure? I thought the max conductivity was 0.4 S/m for the contaminating block on the west.

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/processing.html
2D IP inversion: What happened to some of the northern lines?
Is there a story that can be attached? Something to be learned by the reader?

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/processing.html
The 3D IP inversion is very complicated. By changing the iso-surface limits can we get something that looks like Fig 4b in the initial paper?
Also, as per the initial paper (Fig 4a, Fig 4b) can we put on a line for the Breakaway shale and the Mt. Novit horizon?
(c)

Need to say something about the large conductor on the west

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/interpretation.html
Let's talk about this. I worry that we are over-interpreting. See my comments above.


http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/interpretation.html
Again, we should discuss. My suggestion is
(a) keep the intepretation simple. If we can reach the same general conclusions as the initial paper then we will make an impact.
In this regard, you have some movies, but can we make exactly the same movie as Roman did. Le'ts look at it and see what we think. That movie, although simple, had a huge impact on the audience and it made important statements visually without the need for dialogue.

(b) Perhaps more intricate discussion and geologic interpretation can be put into a second "lessons worth highlighting" There we can discuss all of the items of concern and the potential for more intricate intepretation.

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/synthesis.html
Synthesis should recap the ability for DC and IP to delineate between the two conductive and chargeable units and the benefits of looking for two physical properties. Do the best you can and we can discuss.

Geophysical Surveys / Airborne TDEM

  • Airborne TDEM (intro)
    • Governing Equations (links to Maxwell IV, fourier transform, smoke ring and diffusion distance, footprint)
    • Example (2 spheres, like DC)
    • Transmitter (rigid, flexible, fixed wing, chopper, waveform; base freq; tx moment)
    • Receivers (time channels)
    • Systems
      • VTEM
      • HeliTEM
      • SkyTEM
      • SPECTRUM
    • Survey Design (Flight: line and tie-line; high altitude calibration; height and Survey design: similar to AFEM; base freq)
    • Data (dB/dt and B, unit, data normalization, three ways of visualization sounding, profile, map, apparent conductivity)
    • Interpretation
      • QC / first pass interpretation: ie apparent resistivity, numbers that are more representative of what we are looking for (Viewing data; apparent resistivities, voltages)
      • Inversion : 1D, 2D, or 3D for numerical modelling? A representative halfspace or background model. or plate. Appraisal (depth of investigation)
    • Practical considerations (ie: waveform, simulating the source)

Google App engine site

The site is now too large to build through read the docs, so we could...

  • write it to a google app engine site (http://emgeosci.appspot.com)
  • replace subdomain with app engine site
  • set up analytics
  • ideally, we do this from travis instead of a manual deployment on updates to master

Technical House-keeping on Gauss-Electric

Looking good! These are just a couple minor technical house-keeping items:

  • after each new environment is finished (ie .. math::, after a table or an itemized list) a new line needs to be included (it signals the end of the environment and makes the build more stable)
    ->>fixed (Dom)
  • need to attribute / cite the gif (unless it is something you made??)
    ->>New figure from us (Dom) --> Very cool!!
  • for equations you can make the brackets look better when there are large symbols using \left( \right) (ie. equation after 7)
    ->>Fixed (Dom)
  • divergence should be \mathbf{\nabla} b/c it is a vector operator
    ->> Is it me or \mathbf{\nable} doesn't do anything? I did a \boldsymbol{\nabla} instead (Dom)

@fourndo , @lacmajedrez , @focus-shift, @DanielBild-Enkin

TODOs motivated from Bookpuronong

  • Skin depth and Diffusion distance (to explain depth information; where do we put?)
  • Dipole moment (needs to explain Tx moment; where do we put? @lheagy )
  • Footprint of a system (how do we compute this? any ideas?)
  • Resistive and Inductive limits (possibly from 3 loops)
  • Scaling with induction number (? not sure what do you mean @yangdikun)
  • Frequency to Time transform (where do we put? @dougoldenburg )

Biot Savart Law

The Biot-Savart Law is not an independent law but is derivable from others. Nevertheless it plays an important role in much of our analysis so we have an entry under "fundamental laws".
Also, currently Biot Savart is brought into Gauss's law for magnetics but without any indication of what it is.

Useful Math Appendix

@dccowan suggested an appendix containing derivations, useful math that also contains scripts / resources for using these. Please add topics here!

  • fourier transform
  • ...

Maxwell II: DC

  • Governing Equations
    • Steady State Equations
    • Sources
      • Galvanic
      • Divergence Free
      • Superposition
    • Boundary Conditions
    • Interface Conditions
    • Solving DC equations (includes talking about data - within the equations, how do we generate data)
      • Analytic
      • Numeric
  • Fields from grounded Sources: DCR
    • Current Sources in a whole-space
    • Current Sources in a halfspace
    • Conducting sphere in a uniform electric field
    • Point current source and a conducting sphere
    • Layered Earth
    • Effects of localized conductivity anomalies
    • DCR in complex media
    • Effects of Topography
  • Fields from grounded Sources: MMR (low priority right now) - similar structure to DCR

Wavenumber page not in toctree

#67 introduced the wavenumber page (wave_number.rst) inside of /Users/lindseyjh/git/geosci/em/content/maxwell1_fundamentals/physical_principles/maxwells_equations_in_homogeneous_media that is not currently in a table of contents tree.

The content should be included, as relevant, to the wave propagation in free space (topic of the pull request #58) @sdevriese, you may want to take a look at this file and see if the content @micmitch generated meshes with what you have done

MIM issues #1

Mt. Isa: opening page: paper does not come up

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/setup.html
color codes on the synthetic??; Mt Novit Horizon in the circle should have its own color; it'shosted either by Native Bee or Moondarra Siltstone if we go by the text; For this diagram Mt. Novit is hosted by Native Bee (background blue) and Moondarra siltstone is on the east. Let's stick with that.

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/properties.html
The Moondara siltstone and Native Bee are indistinguishable cousins from our perpsective. They are both moderately resistivity (10-15 ohm-m); The Mt Novit horizon, when mineralized will be more conductive than these hosts. (0.7 ohm-m for 4.8% Cu). The Breakaway shale is conductive
Maybe we should provide numbers:
Low: rho>> 15 ohm-m
Med rho ~ 10-15 ohm-m
High rho << 10 ohm-m
this would mesh with the text and also help us out later when we think of Mt.Novit horizon having a "moderate conductivity: bigger than background siltstone but less than the Breakaway shales)

What is justification for Moondarra unit being chargeable? Also, why are Eastern Creek Volcanics listed as chargeable?

http://em.geosci.xyz/content/case_histories/mt_isa/survey.html
Does the pseudo-section fill out? I don't think the current plot is overly informative.

"The unit of interest is the Mt. Novit Horizon which is conductive compared to the host Moondarra Siltsone. We also expect a large conductive contrast between the Breakaway Shale unit and the Native Bee siltstone, which may also be a host for mineralization. "

In our diagram earlier we had the Mt. Novit horizon in the Native Bee.

In the Survey Design: This is a nice section that goes from currents, to pseudo-sections to inversions.
The current density and figures are interesting but can you provide some reasons for what to look for and what information can be cleaned? Although it lengthens the presentation, having the plot with and without the conductor would be informative. Then we can state that we notice how the conductor draws in the currents.etc... Also, that meshes with the pseudo-section plots given next.

Geophysical Surveys / Airborne FDEM

  • Airborne FDEM (intro)
    • Governing Equations (links to 3 loop, resistive conductive limits, coupling, induction number)
    • Example (2 spheres, like DC)
    • Transmitters and Receivers
    • Systems
      • RESOLVE
      • DIGHEM
    • Survey Design (Typical Survey Geometries: Flight: lines and tie lines; control of orientation; height; positioning and Survey design: choice of freq, line spacing, flight height, scale of survey, etc.)
    • Data (visualizing: profile, sounding, map)
    • Interpretation
      • QC / first pass interpretation: ie apparent resistivity, numbers that are more representative of what we are looking for (Viewing data; apparent resistivities, voltages)
      • Inversion : 1D, 2D, or 3D for numerical modelling? A representative halfspace or background model. or plate. Appraisal (depth of investigation)
    • Practical considerations (ie: Boom swing - why are VCP more affected than HCP?, Primary removal - what can go wrong? How might this manifest in the interpretation / inversion, Instrument drift - frequency, current)

Maxwell III: FDEM

  • Governing Equations
    • Induction Number
  • Three loop
    • Coupling
    • Resistive / conductive limit
  • Fields from grounded sources
    • halfspace (talk about apparent conductivity here too)
    • layered earth
    • sphere
    • plate
  • Fields from inductive sources
    • halfspace (talk about apparent conductivity here too)
    • layered earth
    • sphere
    • plate
  • Fields from plane wave sources
    • halfspace
    • layered earth
    • sphere
    • plate
  • Footprint and Depth of investigation ?? (light overview)

move code and examples

the repo https://github.com/ubcgif/em_examples has been created to hold notebook examples. This is hooked up with binders so that the examples can be run on the web without requiring python or dependencies be installed.

  • migrate code to em_examples repo
  • integrate examples with SimPEG examples
  • allow site to compile locally without running all of the examples (if statement in the sphinx build)

Attribution

  • to provide attribution for contributors!
    image
  • who page with info on each author (connects to github for picture)
  • page level attribution with authors and reviewers.

Formula sheet

add a table with equation names, equations and how to include in the introduction of geosci em

MIM overview

Updated interpretation discussion

Remove circle/background from pseudo-sections (Fig 101)
Remove true model from background and add it to a third vertical panel (Figure 102).
Add larger chifact for individual 2D IP inversions - 2 northernmost lines only

  • change stacked 2D inversion figure (Fig 107)
    Fig 104: steeper angle from meshTools so the gap does not show between line 1 and 2
    Write description for a/b in Figure 107
    Fig 106/108 -> update Figures (parameters are already done) (these images will also go onto interpretation with annotations)

Synthesis: old versus new (plan view) with DC and IP

Site layout and user interaction

  • add navbar link back to GeoSci.xyz
  • make footer stick
  • footer formatting
  • EM.geosci logo
  • adapt sidebar so that it is at the chapter level
  • add an indication of how to cite (in navbar? along with download pdf? maybe through figshare)
  • formatting of references
  • add "edit page on github" as in readthedocs (to sidebar)
  • 404 page
  • upload source text files or remove link in footer
  • font fixes
  • print pdf?

electromagnetic geophysics em geosci 2016-05-14 15-32-52

Geophysical Surveys / DCR

  • DCR
    • Governing equations
    • Example
    • Field Survey
      • Transmitters
      • Receivers
      • Survey Geometry (close, but a little cleanup needed)
      • Field Notes
      • Essential Information for Interpretation (or "Required Information for Interpretation")
      • Data
    • Interpretation
      • Viewing data; apparent resistivities, voltages,
      • Qualitative interpretation
      • 1D, 2D, or 3D for numerical modelling? A representative halfspace or background model. (topography?)
      • Inversion
      • Appraisal (depth of investigation)
      • Hypothesis testing
    • Practical considerations
      • Waveform (dual polarity for handling self-potentials)
      • Contact resistance of electrodes
      • Repetitive use current/potential electrodes

Notation for integrals

When integrating over a Volume, Surface or Line, what do we want to use as symbols?

  • V, S, C?

Use .png instead of .PNG

I encountered a couple of .PNG images instead of .png. With capitals, the image are not displayed on em.geosci (but this error is not detected by travis).

Maxwell 2 DC --> Maxwell 2 Static

@fourndo and I were chatting earlier and he suggested we think about calling Maxwell 2 Static (so we have Static, FDEM, TDEM) - Then we could refer to dc resistivity as DC (not DCR). Thoughts?

Organization of current layout

  • move "Equivalence of Coulombs law" inside of Gauss' law for electric fields to "Details"
  • notation for the \hat{r-r'} --> \hat{\underline{r}}
  • parse out "details" according to DWO comments in Gauss' law for electric fields
  • DC forward modelling --> Maxwell II
  • charge buildup at boundaries from Fwd modelling --> interface conditions in fundamentals
  • details page for effects of topography (created --> placeholder / prompt at the moment)
  • parse out point source in a whole space from effects of topography
  • parse the DCR field acquisition page in geophysical surveys
  • layout and titles in Maxwell1/Solving Maxwell's equations
    • Numeric
      • staggered grid (and relationship to first order equations)
      • finite volume discretization
      • eg. 2.5D, (E,B), (H,J)
    • Analytic
      • methodology
      • eg dipole in homogeneous medium
    • semi-analytic
      • using potentials
      • eg 1D problems
  • layout and titles in Maxwell II
    • Introduction
    • Governing Equations
      • Steady state equations
      • Sources
        • Galvanic
        • Divergence free
        • Superposition
      • Boundary conditions
      • Interface conditions and charge accumulation
      • Data: electric fields (voltages); and/or magnetic fields
      • Solving DC equations
        • analytic
        • numeric
    • Grounded sources. Fields from DCR
      • Current source whole-space
      • Current source on/in a halfspace
      • Sphere in a uniform field (notebook)
        • potentials
        • electric fields
        • current density
        • charge accumulation
      • Point current source and conducting sphere
      • Layered earth: (350 notebook)
        • potentials
        • currents
        • apparent resistivity
      • Effects of topography
        • surface syncline (currents/potentials) (analytic solution)
        • hills and valleys (SimPEG ?) (charge buildups and how currents are deflected: a notebook simulator for 2D structures would be good.
      • Effects of small localized conductivity anomalies (Place holder for now)
      • DCR in complex media
        • 2D (DCIP2D or SimPEG module)
        • 3D (finite volume) (sources, BC)
      • Fields from grounded sources (MMR): {low priority until we have a case history]
        • build upon the material above.
  • layout and titles for Geophysical Surveys: DCR
    • Introduction
    • Governing equations
    • Illustrative example (this may go at the end, but here for now)
    • Field survey
      • Transmitters (equipment and waveforms, contact resistance of electrodes)
      • Receivers (equipment, waveforms)
      • Survey geometry
      • Topography
      • Field notes (?) problems, infrastructure, power lines, …..
      • Essential information needed for interpretation (maybe we can set a standard here) (any processing done by contractor, or automatically by the instruments).
      • Data
  • Interpretation
    • Understanding the data (normalizations); validation tests (is our mathematical model compatible with the data?
    • Viewing data; apparent resistivities, voltages,
    • 1D, 2D, or 3D for numerical modelling? A representative halfspace or background model. (topography?)
    • Assigning uncertainties (link to a generic page but there might be some specifics)
    • Inversion: {Link to folder on inversion}
    • Appraisal (Depth of investigation)
    • Practical Considerations
      • Waveform (dual polarity for handling self-potentials)
      • Contact resistance of electrodes
      • Repetitive use current/potential electrodes
      • …. lots of items

Orphaned pages

The pages

  • formative_laws_and_people/ampere
  • formative_laws_and_people/conservation_of_charge

do not appear in any toc tree. Has the content been moved into / combined into another page? Should we remove them?

Units

When describing units, should we use italicized in math (option a) or text mode in math (option b)

a. m/s: \\( m / s \\)
b. m/s : \\(\\text{m/s}\\)

@dougoldenburg thoughts?

Ampere maxwell todos

  • figure for currents
  • add SI unit conversion
  • organize discussion of currents
  • make units \text{} enviro
  • develop transition to integral eqn with h
  • add a sentence motivating the interest in the frequency domain

Maxwell I: Fundamentals

  • Quick Guide to Maxwell's Equations
  • Fundamental Laws
  • Physical Principles
    • Maxwell's Equations in Homogeneous Media
      • Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
      • Effects of Conductivity (this is where skin depth and diffusion distance come in)
      • Quasi-Static Maxwell's equations
    • Sources in a Homogeneous Medium
      • Electric Dipole
      • Magnetic Dipole
    • Principles of EM Induction
      • Frequency Domain (includes skin depth)
      • Time Domain (includes Diffusion Distance)
      • Going Between Time and Freq (light overview - links into a "Useful Math Appendix")
        • Fourier Transform
        • Digital Filtering
    • Solving Maxwell's Equations
      • Numeric
        • Staggered Grid
        • Finite Volume Discretization
        • Examples
      • Analytic
        • Methodology
        • Examples
      • Semi-Analytic
        • Using Potentials (Shelkhonof potentials included here)
        • Examples

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