gofrettin / ghostmapper

GhostMapper

1.1 Introduction:

You may or may not have spotted 3 drivers in your Windows system that start with the prefix "dump_". These virtual drivers are special and are often referred to as ghost drivers. These ghost drivers are used to have a valid and noncorrupted image when a crash happens. When a crash occurs some drivers that need to save data to the disk may be the drivers that caused the crash, therefore we have a replica of those drivers with the dump_ prefix with the original driver being without the prefix. If we want to save important data to the disk before a crash the ghost drivers can be activated and used. The ghost drivers are monitored and managed by the crashdmp.sys driver and in that driver are some interesting information that I will take up later. In reality, the ghost driver is rarely used but could be abused and modified to anyone's liking.

1.2 Technical details:

There are ways to create your own dump driver which will later be a ghost driver. It's not well documented by Microsft but there are a few criteria that need to be fulfilled for the driver to be loaded.

• As with any other driver it will need a valid certificate to be loaded.

• The driver entry will take in these arguments with structs that needs to be populated: DriverEntry(PFILTER_EXTENSION FilterExtension, FILTER_INITIALIZATION_DATA FilterInitialization); The FilterInitialization struct is supposed the be populated with different callbacks that are used when the crash happens.

  • Dump_Start()

  • Dump_Write()

  • Dump_Read()

  • Dump_Finish()

  • Dump_Unload()

  To read about these callbacks and their use case look in resources[1].

• You will have to register your new driver in the Windows registry. The path is Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\CrashControl\DumpFilters. Be careful when modifying this since it may result in crashdmp.sys attempting to load the driver as a dump driver and crashing the system at boot. Which makes it hard to recover.

This was a simplified version of how the ghost and dump drivers work and I recommend reading this blog[1].

1.3 Crashdump.sys:

As stated before all ghost drivers have the same prefix. What if we could somehow patch this prefix before all the ghost drivers are loaded into memory?

With the right signature[2] we could easily path this out during boot to load our custom-made ghost drivers. Or patch existing ghost drivers since they are inactive. More info on this later. The result of this could look something like this:

This is of course not enough to be able to hide your driver. All ghost drivers are saved in a linked list in Crashdump.sys. In Crashdump we could find the struct called DUMP_CONTROL_BLOCK which has a member with the type DUMP_STACK_CONTEXT[3]. In DUMP_STACK_CONTEXT is a linked list with all the dump drivers with their respective file objects.

2.1 Code

So I created a mapper of this that will map your driver inside one of these ghost drivers. This will result in you having a driver in signed memory.

The mapper code is taken from xigmapper since this is just a POC and is to show the concept. Since the page protection does not match with your driver I changed the pte to the appropriate protection to be able to run the driver. So .text section will have nx = false and rw = false; .data section will have nx=true and rw=true; I start out with zeroing out the whole driver to prevent bugs then I patch in my driver and change page protection.

This can easily be combined with a boot mapper and that way you could implement what's suggested in section 1.3.

Resources:

[1] = https://crashdmp.wordpress.com/

[2] = "\x48\x8D\x0D\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC\x45\x8D\x41\x03", "xxx????xxxx";

[3] = https://systemroot.gitee.io/pages/apiexplorer/d0/d6/iop_8h.html