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<P>
<DIV class="title">SWI-Prolog for MacOS X</DIV>
<DIV class="author">Jan Wielemaker <BR>
Paulo Moura</DIV>
<DIV class="abstract">
<DIV class="abstract-title">Abstract</DIV> This document briefly 
explains the MacOS X specific issues for SWI-Prolog. This is by no means 
a manual or Prolog tutorial. The reference manual is available online or 
can be downloaded in HTML and PDF format from the <A class="url" href="http://www.swi-prolog.org/">SWI-Prolog 
website</A>, which also provides links to books, online tutorials and 
other Prolog related material.
</DIV>

<H1><A NAME="document-contents">Table of Contents</A></H1>

<DIV class="toc">
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="#sec:1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Introduction 
-- Darwinports</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="#sec:2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Installation</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
Darwinports</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">From 
the installer</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="#sec:3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Running 
SWI-Prolog</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:3.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Loading 
a program</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:3.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Executing 
a query</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:3.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Editing 
Prolog programs</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:3.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Some 
useful commands</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="#sec:4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
SWI-Prolog with C/C++</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="#sec:5"><SPAN class="sec-nr">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Known 
problems</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h2"><A class="sec" href="#sec:6"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">The 
SWI-Prolog community and foundation</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:6.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Web-site 
and mailing lists</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:6.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">About 
license conditions</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV class="toc-h3"><A class="sec" href="#sec:6.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Supporting 
SWI-Prolog</SPAN></A></DIV>
</DIV>

<H2><A NAME="sec:1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Introduction 
-- Darwinports</SPAN></A></H2>

<P>SWI-Prolog is by origin an Unix application, and not a native 
Macintosh application. It has been brought to the Mac using the
<A class="url" href="http://darwinports.opendarwin.org/">darwinports</A> 
project, using (Macintosh) X11 for its graphical capabilities.

<H2><A NAME="sec:2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Installation</SPAN></A></H2>

<H3><A NAME="sec:2.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
Darwinports</SPAN></A></H3>

<P>Users of the Darwinports system can install the system just like any 
port using the command below. In addition to the port named
<CODE>swi-prolog</CODE> providing the stable version, there is a port 
called
<CODE>swi-prolog-devel</CODE> providing the development version.

<PRE class="code">
% sudo port -d selfupdate       # make sure we have the latest portfiles
% sudo port install swi-prolog
</PRE>

<P>The swi-prolog port depends on <CODE>readline</CODE>, <CODE>ncurses</CODE>
<CODE>gmp</CODE> <CODE>libmcrypt</CODE>, <CODE>Xfree86</CODE> and <CODE>jpeg</CODE>,

<H3><A NAME="sec:2.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">From 
the installer</SPAN></A></H3>

<P>Opening and installing the meta installer installs the required ports 
from the Darwinports system. The programs are installed in the directory
<CODE>/opt/local/bin</CODE>. The main executable is named <CODE>swipl</CODE>.

<H2><A NAME="sec:3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Running 
SWI-Prolog</SPAN></A></H2>

<P>Not being a Macintosh Application, SWI-Prolog must be started from a 
terminal window. This can either be an X11 <B>xterm</B> or
<B>Terminal.app</B> from Utilities. For comfortable usage it is 
necessary to setup some environment variables. The procedure depends on 
your shell of choice. On Tiger the default is <B>bash</B>. Add the 
following lines to the file <CODE>~/.bashrc</CODE> (or create this file 
if it does not yet exist).

<PRE class="code">
# This allows using Prolog graphics if you use Terminal.app
if [ -z "$DISPLAY" ]; then export DISPLAY=:0; fi

# This sets up the path
PATH=$PATH:/opt/local/bin
</PRE>

<P>Now start <B>X11.App</B> and configure it to autostart at login. Open
<B>Terminal.app</B> or <B>xterm</B> and type

<PRE class="code">
% swipl
Welcome to SWI-Prolog (Multi-threaded, Version 5.6.0)
Copyright (c) 1990-2006 University of Amsterdam.
SWI-Prolog comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software,
and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
Please visit http://www.swi-prolog.org for details.

For help, use ?- help(Topic). or ?- apropos(Word).

1 ?-
</PRE>

<P>If X11 is properly configured, the help system of the graphics 
subsystem XPCE can now be started using the command below.

<PRE class="code">
?- manpce.
</PRE>

<H3><A NAME="sec:3.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Loading 
a program</SPAN></A></H3>

<P>Prolog source files can be loaded by specifying their filename 
between
<CODE>[]</CODE>. In addition to a plain filename, files may be searched 
on a named search-path<SUP class="fn">1<SPAN class="fn-text">See <A NAME="idx:filesearchpath2:1"></A><SPAN class="pred-ext">file_search_path/2</SPAN> 
in the manual for details.</SPAN></SUP> using the notation <CODE>SearchPath(File)</CODE>. 
Two defined paths are
<CODE>library</CODE> for the Prolog library and <CODE>swi</CODE> for the 
Prolog installation directory. Below we load the file <CODE>likes.pl</CODE> 
from the
<CODE>demo</CODE> directory in the installation directory, Be sure to 
get the quotes right and terminate the command with a full-stop (<CODE><CODE>.</CODE></CODE>).

<PRE class="code">
?- [swi('demo/likes')].
</PRE>

<H3><A NAME="sec:3.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Executing 
a query</SPAN></A></H3>

<A NAME="sec:execquery"></A>

<P>After loading a program, one can ask Prolog queries about the 
program. The query below asks Prolog what food `sam' likes. The system 
responds with <TT>X = &lt;<VAR>value</VAR>&gt;</TT> if it can prove the 
goal for a certain
<VAR>X</VAR>. The user can type the semi-colon (;)<SUP class="fn">2<SPAN class="fn-text">On 
most installations, single-character commands are executed without 
waiting for the <font size=-1>RETURN</font> key.</SPAN></SUP> if (s)he 
wants another solution, or <font size=-1>RETURN</font> if (s)he is 
satisfied, after which Prolog will say <B>Yes</B>. If Prolog answers <B>No</B>, 
it indicates it cannot find any (more) answers to the query. Finally, 
Prolog can answer using an error message to indicate the query or 
program contains an error.

<PRE class="code">
?- likes(sam, X).

X = dahl ;

X = tandoori ;

...

X = chips ;

No
?-
</PRE>

<H3><A NAME="sec:3.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Editing 
Prolog programs</SPAN></A></H3>

<A NAME="sec:edit"></A>

<P>There are three options for editing. One is to run an editor of 
choice in a separate window and use the below described <A NAME="idx:make0:2"></A><A class="pred" href="#make/0">make/0</A> 
command to reload modified files. In addition to this option Prolog can 
be used to locate predicates, modules and loaded files by specifying the 
editor of choice for use with the <A NAME="idx:edit1:3"></A><A class="pred" href="#edit/1">edit/1</A> 
command described below. This is achieved by editing the personalisation 
file <CODE> /.plrc</CODE>. A commented template is in the directory <CODE>dotfiles</CODE> 
of the SWI-Prolog installation directory.

<P>Finally, you may wish to use the built-in editor called <EM>PceEmacs</EM>. 
This editor provides colourisation support based on real-time parsing 
and cross-reference analysis of the program. It is started using the 
command <CODE>?- emacs.</CODE> or can be set as default editor in the 
personalisation file.

<H3><A NAME="sec:3.4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Some 
useful commands</SPAN></A></H3>

<P>This section provides a very brief overview of important or commonly 
used SWI-Prolog predicates to control the environment.

<DL>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="consult/1"><STRONG>consult</STRONG>(<VAR>+File</VAR>)</A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Load a source-file. A Prolog list ([ ... ]) can be used to abbreviate 
the consult command. The file-extension (<CODE>.pl</CODE> can be 
omitted. Here are some examples:

<P>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER=0 FRAME=void RULES=groups>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD><TT>?- consult(likes).</TT></TD><TD>Load <CODE>likes.pl</CODE> 
from the current folder (see <A NAME="idx:pwd0:4"></A><A class="pred" href="#pwd/0">pwd/0</A>). </TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=top><TD><TT>?- ['/opt/local/lib/swipl-5.6.0/demo/likes']</TT></TD><TD>Load <CODE>likes.pl</CODE> 
using absolute path. </TD></TR>
</TABLE>

</CENTER>
</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="pwd/0"><STRONG>pwd</STRONG></A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Print working directory (folder).</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="ls/0"><STRONG>ls</STRONG></A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
List files in current directory.</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="edit/0"><STRONG>edit</STRONG></A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
If Prolog is started by opening a <CODE>.pl</CODE> file in the explorer, 
edit this file. Also available from the menu.</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="edit/1"><STRONG>edit</STRONG>(<VAR>+Spec</VAR>)</A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Edit file, predicate, module, etc. with the given name. If multiple 
items are named <VAR>Spec</VAR> it prompts for the desired alternative.</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="make/0"><STRONG>make</STRONG></A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Reload all files that have been changed since they where last loaded. 
Normally used after editing one or more files.</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="trace/0"><STRONG>trace</STRONG></A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Start the interactive debugger. There are three ways to use this. 
Entered as a single goal at the top-level, the next query will be 
traced. Alternatively it can be used in conjunction with the goal to be 
debugged: <CODE>?- trace, run.</CODE> and finally you can include it in 
your program to start tracing at a particular point or under a 
particular condition:

<PRE class="code">
        ...,
        (var(X) -&gt; trace ; true),
        ...,
</PRE>

</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="gtrace/0"><STRONG>gtrace</STRONG></A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Same as trace, but forces the use of the graphical (source-level) 
debugger.</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="apropos/1"><STRONG>apropos</STRONG>(<VAR>+Keyword</VAR>)</A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Search for all predicates that contain <VAR>Keyword</VAR> in their name 
or short description. If a GUI environment is available the results are 
hyperlinks. Otherwise use <A NAME="idx:help1:5"></A><A class="pred" href="#help/1">help/1</A> 
to get details on selected hits.</DD>
<DT class="pubdef"><A NAME="help/1"><STRONG>help</STRONG>(<VAR>+Spec</VAR>)</A></DT>
<DD class="defbody">
Give help on <VAR>Spec</VAR>, which is normally the name of a predicate 
or C interface function.
</DD>
</DL>

<H2><A NAME="sec:4"><SPAN class="sec-nr">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Using 
SWI-Prolog with C/C++</SPAN></A></H2>

<P>To use SWI-Prolog with C or C++ code you must install Apples Xcode 
environment, providing <B>gcc</B>. If all paths are properly installed, 
programs can be linked using the <B>plld</B> command described in the 
manual.

<H2><A NAME="sec:5"><SPAN class="sec-nr">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Known 
problems</SPAN></A></H2>

<P>
<UL>
<LI><I>XPCE and the meta-key</I><BR>
By default, the `Meta' key is bound to X11 <EM>modifier 1</EM> which is 
set by the `Alt' key. This doesn't work very well for the Mac as the Alt 
key is commonly used to create alternative characters, while the Command 
key, which is used for composing commands, is bound to the X11 <EM>modifier 
2</EM>. For the Apple we therefore bind the XPCE meta modifier to the 
X11 modifier 2. Wherever the documentation mentions Alt-X or Meta-X this 
must be read as <EM>Command-X</EM>.

<P>
<LI><I>Threaded XPCE programs</I><BR>
XPCE normally initializes Xlib for multi-threaded access using 
XInitThreads(). It turns out the MacOS X X11 version (tested on Tiger) 
causes a deadlock on certain keys. We now do not call XInitThreads(). As 
Xlib access is synchronised using the currently global XPCE lock and 
XPCE/Prolog interfacing is designed to have only a single Prolog thread 
talking to XPCE this should not be a serious problem.

<P>
<LI><I>XPCE programs do not open</I><BR>
A problem has been reported where starting XPCE programs, including the 
IDE components such as help, PceEmacs, etc. causes the program to hang. 
In the end, it turned out the fontconfig/freetype library used by XPCE 
to render Unicode fonts builds a database on first invocation. This 
process can take several minutes. Ones created, XPCE applications start 
quickly.

<P>
<LI><I>Font display issues</I><BR>
If fonts do not display correctly (e.g. manpce pages not showing bold 
styles or editor text in `screen' font looking mis-spaced and 
misaligned) you may try to rebuild the X11 font cache by using the 
command <B>sudo /usr/x11r6/bin/ fc-cache</B>.
</UL>

<H2><A NAME="sec:6"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">The 
SWI-Prolog community and foundation</SPAN></A></H2>

<H3><A NAME="sec:6.1"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Web-site 
and mailing lists</SPAN></A></H3>

<P>The SWI-Prolog web-site is located at <A class="url" href="http://www.swi-prolog.org/">http://www.swi-prolog.org/</A>. 
Part of the web is powered by <A class="url" href="http://twiki.org/">TWiki</A>, 
a
<EM>wiki</EM> web that can be edited by any registered user and used to 
exchange ideas, problems and solutions. The web also provides access to 
the archive of the mailing list and allows to (de)register the mailing 
list. Finally, it incorporates Bugzilla, the Mozilla project bugtracking 
system, for reporting bugs and tracking issues.

<H3><A NAME="sec:6.2"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">About 
license conditions</SPAN></A></H3>

<P>The SWI-Prolog license allows it to be used in a wide variety of 
environments, including closed-source commercial applications. In 
practice, redistribution and embedding is allowed, as long as
<EM>modifications</EM> to the SWI-Prolog source are published following 
the Free Software rules.

<P>The SWI-Prolog kernel and foreign libraries are licensed under the
<EM>Lesser General Public License</EM> (LGPL). The Prolog files are 
licensed under the normal <EM>General Public License</EM> GPL with an 
additional statement that allows for embedding in proprietary software:
<BLOCKQUOTE> As a special exception, if you link this library with other 
files, compiled with a Free Software compiler, to produce an executable, 
this library does not by itself cause the resulting executable to be 
covered by the GNU General Public License. This exception does not 
however invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be 
covered by the GNU General Public License.
</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>This exception is a proven construct used for <EM>libgcc</EM>, the 
GNU C-compiler runtime library.

<H3><A NAME="sec:6.3"><SPAN class="sec-nr">6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="sec-title">Supporting 
SWI-Prolog</SPAN></A></H3>

<P>There are several ways to support SWI-Prolog:

<P>
<UL>
<LI>Extend the system with contributions
<LI>Improve the system by submitting bug reports and patches.
<LI>Link to <A class="url" href="http://www.swi-prolog.org">http://www.swi-prolog.org</A> 
and refer to SWI-Prolog in publications.
<LI>Ask for commercial development or support at
<A class="url" href="http://www.cognitivetools.com/">http://www.cognitivetools.com/</A>
<LI>Support development financially at
<A class="url" href="http://www.swi-prolog.org/donate.html">http://www.swi-prolog.org/donate.html</A>.
</UL>

<H1><A NAME="document-index">Index</A></H1>

<DL>
<DT><STRONG>A</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#apropos/1">apropos/1</A></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>C</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#consult/1">consult/1</A></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>E</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#edit/0">edit/0</A></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#edit/1">edit/1</A></DT>
<DD>
<A class="idx" href="#idx:edit1:3">3.3</A></DD>
<DT><STRONG>F</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT>file_search_path/2</DT>
<DD>
<A class="idx" href="#idx:filesearchpath2:1">3.1</A></DD>
<DT><STRONG>G</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#gtrace/0">gtrace/0</A></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>H</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#help/1">help/1</A></DT>
<DD>
<A class="idx" href="#idx:help1:5">3.4</A></DD>
<DT><STRONG>L</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#ls/0">ls/0</A></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>M</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#make/0">make/0</A></DT>
<DD>
<A class="idx" href="#idx:make0:2">3.3</A></DD>
<DT><STRONG>P</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#pwd/0">pwd/0</A></DT>
<DD>
<A class="idx" href="#idx:pwd0:4">3.4</A></DD>
<DT><STRONG>T</STRONG></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
<DT><A class="idx" href="#trace/0">trace/0</A></DT>
<DD>
</DD>
</DL>

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