3 non-family records with unexpected empty bibliography entries: Cuniculus paca, Lyroderma lyra, Aconaemys fuscus about hmw

[jhpoelen]

after addressing #8,

$ cat hmw.json | grep -v "verbatimText\":\"Family" | jq --compact-output -f check.jq | wc -l
8

with only 1 having a parsing issue (expected Bibliography. but found Bibliography: in 03F507139920FF9B03CDF644F6FBF6AC.xml . The rest appear to have missing Bibliography sections, hinting to some kind of OCR or other upstream issue.

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  "docName": "hbmw_9_Rhinonycteridae_194.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
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  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "207",
  "verbatimText": "6. Percival`s Trident Bat Cloeotis percivali French: é he de Per va German: Pei va Kenohr-Drezahnbartna e Spanish: Rn meter dePercrva Other common names: AtrcanTidenr Bat AfrcanTrdent nosed Bat asrAtrcanTrdent Bat Por iva s Short-cared Bat Per va Sh fl-GBIOGTIIÖGM Bat Sh n-earedTııdent Bat Taxonomy. Cloeotis pemivali Thomas, 1901 , “Takaungu, N. of Mombasa , British East Africa Kenya ]. Subspecies often noted, with nominate perrivalz are smaller in body size a than a subspecies australıs and confined to Kenya (and perhaps Tanzania ) vs. southern AF rica. Validity of these two subspecies remains open to question, and no revision based on well representative material is available. Monotypic. Distribution. SE Kenya , Mafia I ( Tanzania ), SE DR Congo , Zambia , Mozambique , Zimbabue , SE Botswana , NE South Africa , and Swaziland . Descriptive notes. Head-body 30-43 mm, tail 18-36 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 5-8 mm, forearm 31-39 mm; weight 3-6 g. Percival's Trident Bat is the smallest species in the family. Pelage usually has slightly darker tinge dorsally than ventrally, 0r venter is sometimes very pale or whitish; color very variable, including bright brownish orange, pale yellowish, pale brown, pale or dark grayish brown, and dull gray; hairs are dark brown, brownish gray, or gray around eyes, noseleaf, and mouth. Wing membranes arc dark grayish brown, and ears and noseleaf are pale pinkish (unpigrnented) to pale grayish brown. Noseleaf is small (width 3 -4-3-9 mm) and rounded, with straplike longitudinal projection that is diamond-shaped in outline and anteriorly forked and lying across anterior part of anterior leaf, above deep anterior medial emargination. Three tall pointed posterior projections are present on posterior pan of posterior leaf, and anterior part in medial position has short and narrow process, with sharply pointed tip. Total width of three posterior projections is c. 50% the width of posterior noseleaf; lateral projections have no emargination at their bases. lateral pans of posterior noseleaf are scalloped by six small cells on each side, plus pair of large cells in central position, separated from each other by fleshy septum. Two supplementary leaflets occur lateral to noseleaf. Ears are very small, rounded, and only bluntly pointed; pinna membrane is thickened. Skull has posteriorly but not laterally prominent nasal swellings. Braincase is much higher than narrow rostrum, and minute sagittal crest is developed only in frontal region. Zygomatic bones are anteriorly strongly convergent and thin, with low dorsal triangular projection on posterior margin. Greatest skull lengths are 13-136 mm, condvlo-canine lengths are 10-9-11 -3 mm, zygomatic widths are 7-7-7 mm, and upper tooth row (C —M‘) lengths are 3 -8-4-4 mm. f is bilobed; C' is slender, with slight cingulum and large posterior secondary cusp, extending about one-third the canine crown height; P‘ is small and extruded; C‘ and P‘ are in or nearly in contact; and M‘ is only little reduced, with metacone. Lower incisors are tricuspid, C, is slender, P, is about one-third to threequarters the crown area and one-half to twothirds the height of P4, and M, is unreduced. Baculum has not been described. Diploid number is 2n 40, but number of autosome arms is unknown. Habitat. Dry woodland savannas with mopane (Colophospennum mopane, Fabaceae ) and various miombo woodlands, bushvelds, riverine woodlands, coastal forest mosaic, and others habitats from sea level to elevations of c. l 540 m . Food and Feeding. Percival`s Trident Bats are aerial hawkers, preying on small flying insects at various heights aboveground and mostly among vegetation. Individuals were documented foraging at various water bodies, in riparian vegetation, and among woodland vegetation. Stomach contents were almost entirely small-sized adult moths (97-1 % by overall volume). All stomachs contained moths, and 86% of them contained only moths. Termites (1 %), beetles 1 -1 %), flies (0-6 %), bugs (04 %). and other items were also consumed. There was little variation in prey type consumed during the night or during annual cycles (moths were 94-7% in summer diets and 983% in winter); small-sized moths were clearly preferred over other similarly sized insects that were equally available. Breeding. Pregnant Percival's Trident Bats, each containing one fetus, were found in October in Zimbabwe , and pregnant and lactating females with attached young were found in late November in north-eastem South Africa and early December in southern Zambia . This indicated that births occur in November and early December. Examinations of females in other seasons did not reveal any signs of ongoing reproductive activity. Hence, Percival's Trident Bat is, like other species of the family, probably seasonallv monoestrous, with females giving birth to one young each year. Activity patterns. Percival’s Trident Bat probably does not enter torpor or hibernate. probably an acrobatic flier. leaves day roosts shortly after sunset and forages for several hours or the entire night. Percival's Trident Bat roosts in underground spaces in natural caves and human-made structures (e.g. mine tunnels and dam body corridors). lt roosts in small and narrow crevices and were once found in a cavity on the ground that was thought to be a porcupine den. Echolocation consists of multiharmonic QCF calls where pulse is composed of short CF component, combined with short FM component at end (CF-FM); tenninating FM component is steep sweep up to 29 kHz. Call is unique due to its unusually high peak frequency of first harmonic, well above 200 kHz; however, fundamental frequency often used during foraging. Call has mean durations of 1 -9 milliseconds (fundamental frequency) and 4 -6 milliseconds (first harmonic). Peak frequencies (fundamental frequencies) are 101-6-105 -3 kHz (mean 103 -4 kHz), first hannonics are 204-212 kHz (mean 207 -8 kHz). highest frequency is 212 kHz, and end (lowest) frequency is 183 kHz. Slight sexual dimorphism was detected in CF component of fundamental harmonic frequency: females ha\\e, on average, lower frequency (102-9 kHz) than males (103-7 kHz). Extremely high frequency of echolocation calls is speculated to be an adaptation to more efficiently catch moths. Remains of Percivafs Trident Bats were found in small amounts of the diet of the bat hawk (Madmmmphus alnnus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting Percival’s Trident Bats hang on cavity ceilings in loose groups, with indiriduals separated from each other by 10-20 cm. Roosting groups have 10-300 individuals, but there are no data on their sexual composition. ln Zambia , a colony of Percival's Trident Bat shared its roost (large karst cave) with colonies of Sundevalfs Leaf-nosed Bats (Hıpposidems mfƒrr), Su-iped Leaf-nosed Bats (Mammycleris vittalus), and Natal bong-fingered Bats (Mmaopterus natalmsis). Status and Conservation. Classified as beast Ooncem on The IUCN Rad List. Percivafs Trident Bat reportedly highly sensitive to roost disturbance. In South Africa , religious ceremonies by local people are carried out in caves, and these rituals and other forms of disturbance can impact local populations and perhaps cause abandonment of roosts. ln Zambia , Percival's Trident Bat shared a cave with Striped Leaf-nosed Bats that were harvested by locals for food, which seriously disturb roosting Percival's Trident Bats. Due to observed fluctuations in numbers of roosting bats at particular roosts, such activities could cause local extirpations. ln South Africa , a national law protects Percival's Trident Bat. Bibliogaphy. Baona (2016) Back (1979), Bat* et a (1979) HI (1982a). Jacobs (2013) Monadiam. Res de 8r Lumsden (2007) Monad |em, Tay or era (2010) Reutenbach eta (1993). Sdwoeman G« Jacobs (2008). Seamark (2005), Taylor (1999), Thomas (1901 b), Whitaker 8r B ack (1976)",
  "taxonomy": "Cloeotis pemivali Thomas, 1901 , “Takaungu, N. of Mombasa , British East Africa Kenya ]. Subspecies often noted, with nominate perrivalz are smaller in body size a than a subspecies australıs and confined to Kenya (and perhaps Tanzania ) vs. southern AF rica. Validity of these two subspecies remains open to question, and no revision based on well representative material is available. Monotypic.",
  "commonNames": "é he de Per va German @fr | AtrcanTidenr Bat AfrcanTrdent nosed Bat asrAtrcan Trdent Bat Por iva s Short-cared @en",
  "interpretedAuthority": "Thomas",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Thomas",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1901",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Rhinonycteridae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Cloeotis",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "5",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "207",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "percivali",
  "name": "Cloeotis percivali",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "SE Kenya , Mafia I ( Tanzania ), SE DR Congo , Zambia , Mozambique , Zimbabue , SE Botswana , NE South Africa , and Swaziland .",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6611836/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "Percival`s Trident Bats are aerial hawkers, preying on small flying insects at various heights aboveground and mostly among vegetation. Individuals were documented foraging at various water bodies, in riparian vegetation, and among woodland vegetation. Stomach contents were almost entirely small-sized adult moths (97-1 % by overall volume). All stomachs contained moths, and 86% of them contained only moths. Termites (1 %), beetles 1 -1 %), flies (0-6 %), bugs (04 %). and other items were also consumed. There was little variation in prey type consumed during the night or during annual cycles (moths were 94-7% in summer diets and 983% in winter); small-sized moths were clearly preferred over other similarly sized insects that were equally available.",
  "breeding": "Pregnant Percival's Trident Bats, each containing one fetus, were found in October in Zimbabwe , and pregnant and lactating females with attached young were found in late November in north-eastem South Africa and early December in southern Zambia . This indicated that births occur in November and early December. Examinations of females in other seasons did not reveal any signs of ongoing reproductive activity. Hence, Percival's Trident Bat is, like other species of the family, probably seasonallv monoestrous, with females giving birth to one young each year.",
  "activityPatterns": "Percival’s Trident Bat probably does not enter torpor or hibernate. probably an acrobatic flier. leaves day roosts shortly after sunset and forages for several hours or the entire night. Percival's Trident Bat roosts in underground spaces in natural caves and human-made structures (e.g. mine tunnels and dam body corridors). lt roosts in small and narrow crevices and were once found in a cavity on the ground that was thought to be a porcupine den. Echolocation consists of multiharmonic QCF calls where pulse is composed of short CF component, combined with short FM component at end (CF-FM); tenninating FM component is steep sweep up to 29 kHz. Call is unique due to its unusually high peak frequency of first harmonic, well above 200 kHz; however, fundamental frequency often used during foraging. Call has mean durations of 1 -9 milliseconds (fundamental frequency) and 4 -6 milliseconds (first harmonic). Peak frequencies (fundamental frequencies) are 101-6-105 -3 kHz (mean 103 -4 kHz), first hannonics are 204-212 kHz (mean 207 -8 kHz). highest frequency is 212 kHz, and end (lowest) frequency is 183 kHz. Slight sexual dimorphism was detected in CF component of fundamental harmonic frequency: females ha\\e, on average, lower frequency (102-9 kHz) than males (103-7 kHz). Extremely high frequency of echolocation calls is speculated to be an adaptation to more efficiently catch moths. Remains of Percivafs Trident Bats were found in small amounts of the diet of the bat hawk (Madmmmphus alnnus).",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "Roosting Percival’s Trident Bats hang on cavity ceilings in loose groups, with indiriduals separated from each other by 10-20 cm. Roosting groups have 10-300 individuals, but there are no data on their sexual composition. ln Zambia , a colony of Percival's Trident Bat shared its roost (large karst cave) with colonies of Sundevalfs Leaf-nosed Bats (Hıpposidems mfƒrr), Su-iped Leaf-nosed Bats (Mammycleris vittalus), and Natal bong-fingered Bats (Mmaopterus natalmsis).",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 30-43 mm, tail 18-36 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 5-8 mm, forearm 31-39 mm; weight 3-6 g. Percival's Trident Bat is the smallest species in the family. Pelage usually has slightly darker tinge dorsally than ventrally, 0r venter is sometimes very pale or whitish; color very variable, including bright brownish orange, pale yellowish, pale brown, pale or dark grayish brown, and dull gray; hairs are dark brown, brownish gray, or gray around eyes, noseleaf, and mouth. Wing membranes arc dark grayish brown, and ears and noseleaf are pale pinkish (unpigrnented) to pale grayish brown. Noseleaf is small (width 3 -4-3-9 mm) and rounded, with straplike longitudinal projection that is diamond-shaped in outline and anteriorly forked and lying across anterior part of anterior leaf, above deep anterior medial emargination. Three tall pointed posterior projections are present on posterior pan of posterior leaf, and anterior part in medial position has short and narrow process, with sharply pointed tip. Total width of three posterior projections is c. 50% the width of posterior noseleaf; lateral projections have no emargination at their bases. lateral pans of posterior noseleaf are scalloped by six small cells on each side, plus pair of large cells in central position, separated from each other by fleshy septum. Two supplementary leaflets occur lateral to noseleaf. Ears are very small, rounded, and only bluntly pointed; pinna membrane is thickened. Skull has posteriorly but not laterally prominent nasal swellings. Braincase is much higher than narrow rostrum, and minute sagittal crest is developed only in frontal region. Zygomatic bones are anteriorly strongly convergent and thin, with low dorsal triangular projection on posterior margin. Greatest skull lengths are 13-136 mm, condvlo-canine lengths are 10-9-11 -3 mm, zygomatic widths are 7-7-7 mm, and upper tooth row (C —M‘) lengths are 3 -8-4-4 mm. f is bilobed; C' is slender, with slight cingulum and large posterior secondary cusp, extending about one-third the canine crown height; P‘ is small and extruded; C‘ and P‘ are in or nearly in contact; and M‘ is only little reduced, with metacone. Lower incisors are tricuspid, C, is slender, P, is about one-third to threequarters the crown area and one-half to twothirds the height of P4, and M, is unreduced. Baculum has not been described. Diploid number is 2n 40, but number of autosome arms is unknown.",
  "habitat": "Dry woodland savannas with mopane (Colophospennum mopane, Fabaceae ) and various miombo woodlands, bushvelds, riverine woodlands, coastal forest mosaic, and others habitats from sea level to elevations of c. l 540 m ."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/ff99ffbcffc5ffc4ffcbffb7e63dfff9",
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  "verbatimText": "27. White-lipped Deer Cervus albirostris French cerf à museau blanc German Weißlippenhirsch Spanish Ciervo hociblanco Other common names Thoıold s Deer Taxonomy. Cervus albirostris Przewalski, 1883 , Nan Shan , Humboldt’s Mountains, bansu (. is sometimes classified m4 distinct ge nus, Pnzuıalslıh Earlier thought to be related to sambaß (Rfßfl) › bl\" “WTPVQlogical, behavioral, and geflflic 81141 'WS align this species with the red deu' clade. wzsfizzwwvzdbwzvflewzlsfl » Russian office.Fìttexplorer of Polish origin. in 1879. W. G. 'l'l\\omld collected two i n' v specimens in 1891 and send them to Euro’): Distribution. E Tibetan Plateau (E Xizang . w Ggmurgnghah W “Chuan 8‘ Nwyunnan). Descriptive notes. Head-body on average ioo cm for males (stags) and 180 cm for females (hinds), tail lengt 12-13 cm , shoulder height 120-130 cm (stags) and 110- 120 cm (hinds); weight 190-220 kg (stags) and 90-150 kg (hinds). Stags are on average 60% heavier than hinds. Large-sized deer with a large face and relatively short legs. The rump patch large and reddish. The tail relatively short. The ears are long, pointed, and fringed with white. Hooves are short and broad. The coat is grayish-brown; the muzzle, chin, and upper throat are white. There is a pale ring around the eyes. The pelage is stiff, thick, and coarse. Newborn calves are spotted; the spots fade precociously at 1 - 5 months of age. Preorbital and metatarsal glands are well developed. Pennanent dentition of 34 teeth, with rudimentary upper canines. Molars erupt at 3-30 months of age. Antlers of adult stags are long, typically with five points, a brow tine, a high trez tine, a dagger, and a tenninal fork. At full size the antler beam is 90-95 cm long. Yearling males are normally spikers, and subadults 2-3 years old are three- to four-tined. The largest antlers of adults have up to seven tines and are 130-133 cm long. ln adult stags velvet shedding occurs in September and antler rnclinrr in Mzffrhanfir Hıbitfit. lt is a high-elevation specialist, living in rhododendron scrub and alpine grasslands above spruce forests, at 3500-5100 m above sea level. The short legs, massive haunches, and broad hooves allow it to use steep terrain. Food and Feeding. t is classified as an intermediated feeder, with a tendency to graze. prefers grasses and sedges but also eats leaves and shoots of woody plants. lts diet includes al least 95 species of plants. Breeding. Females attain puberty at 18-30 months of age. Males reach sexual maturity at about 18 months but do not begin to reproduce before four years of age. Gestation is about 246 days. Rutting season peaks in October. Stagsjoin female groups and maintain microscale harems within the large mixed group or tend individual estrous hinds, without strong competition or oven aggression from other males. lnjune hinds separate themselves from the group and seek an isolated place to give birth. The newborns weigh about 9 kg and are precocial. Half an hour after birth they are able to stand up and within a couple of hours they begin to move away from the birth site. After two weeks calves follow their mothers and rejoin the group. Maximum known longevity in the wild is nine years for stags and twelve years for hinds. They can attain 19 years of age in captivity. Main predators are Gray Wolves (Cams lupus) and Snow Leopards (Panthera unria). Activity patterns. 1t is diurnal and active all day, with peaks at dawn and dusk. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thanks to its robust build and specialized hooves, it is very agile on steep terrain. t is also a good swimmer. 1 t has been described as a nomadic species, moving slowly across vast areas to feed and to shelter from harsh weather. In autumn the deer descend from high summer ranges to low winter ranges. highly gregarious, forming large herds of 25-35 individuals on average. Males and females tend to live separately for most of the year, mixed groups are mainly observed during the rutting season. Aggregations of up to 100-170 animals have been recorded in recent times and up to 800 were documented in the past. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust. Hunting, poaching, and competition with domestic stock (yaks, sheep, and goats) have dramatically reduced the distribution range and population size. Hunting has been prohibited since 1989. ln 1999 there were an estimated 15,800 individuals. A more recent estimate is around 7000 animals. Poaching for meat, antlers, and organs, and competition with livestock are still important threats. Bibliognphy Haırıs (2008c) Harris 8i Loggers (2004) Hams 8i MIIer (1995) Kay at al (1993) Koizumi er al (1993) Lesley (2010), Mıura er al (1993) Schaller (1998) Sheng à Ohtaıshı (1993)",
  "taxonomy": "Cervus albirostris Przewalski, 1883 , Nan Shan , Humboldt’s Mountains, bansu (. is sometimes classified m4 distinct ge nus, Pnzuıalslıh Earlier thought to be related to sambaß (Rfßfl) › bl\" “WTPVQlogical, behavioral, and geflflic 81141 'WS align this species with the red deu' clade. wzsfizzwwvzdbwzvflewzlsfl » Russian office.Fìttexplorer of Polish origin. in 1879. W. G.",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Przewalski",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1883",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Cervidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Cervus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Artiodactyla",
  "interpretedPageId": "18",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "425",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "albirostris",
  "name": "Cervus albirostris",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "E Tibetan Plateau (E Xizang . w Ggmurgnghah W “Chuan 8‘ Nwyunnan).",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "t is classified as an intermediated feeder, with a tendency to graze. prefers grasses and sedges but also eats leaves and shoots of woody plants. lts diet includes al least 95 species of plants.",
  "breeding": "Females attain puberty at 18-30 months of age. Males reach sexual maturity at about 18 months but do not begin to reproduce before four years of age. Gestation is about 246 days. Rutting season peaks in October. Stagsjoin female groups and maintain microscale harems within the large mixed group or tend individual estrous hinds, without strong competition or oven aggression from other males. lnjune hinds separate themselves from the group and seek an isolated place to give birth. The newborns weigh about 9 kg and are precocial. Half an hour after birth they are able to stand up and within a couple of hours they begin to move away from the birth site. After two weeks calves follow their mothers and rejoin the group. Maximum known longevity in the wild is nine years for stags and twelve years for hinds. They can attain 19 years of age in captivity. Main predators are Gray Wolves (Cams lupus) and Snow Leopards (Panthera unria).",
  "activityPatterns": "1t is diurnal and active all day, with peaks at dawn and dusk.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "Thanks to its robust build and specialized hooves, it is very agile on steep terrain. t is also a good swimmer. 1 t has been described as a nomadic species, moving slowly across vast areas to feed and to shelter from harsh weather. In autumn the deer descend from high summer ranges to low winter ranges. highly gregarious, forming large herds of 25-35 individuals on average. Males and females tend to live separately for most of the year, mixed groups are mainly observed during the rutting season. Aggregations of up to 100-170 animals have been recorded in recent times and up to 800 were documented in the past."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_6_Cuniculidae_0398.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
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  "verbatimText": "1. Lowland Paca Cuniculus paca French: Paca des plaines / German: Tieflandpaka / Spanish: Paca de llanura Other common names: Paca, Spotted Paca Taxonomy. Mus paca Linnaeus, 1766 , “Brasilia [= Brazil], Guiana.” Restricted by N. Hollister in 1913 to “French Guiana.” Several subspecies are traditionally recognized, however, a recent review on the family Cuniculidae argues that a study that confirms the validity of these subspecies and establishes their geographical distribution 1s needed. In addition, another recent study on the phylogeography of South American populations did not find geographical differences. The distributions of South American subspecies are not well delimited so the ranges described here are tentative. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. paca Linnaeus, 1766 — E & S Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and E Brazil to Paraguay, N Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes provinces), and Uruguay. C. p. guanta Lonnberg, 1921 — W Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and N Bolivia. C. p. mexianae Hagmann, 1908 — E Brazil, mouth of the Amazon in Para State. C. p. nelsoni Goldman, 1913 — E & S Mexico (Atlantic slope lowlands from San Luis Potosi State to Yucatan Peninsula), then through Central America to N Costa Rica. C. p. virgatus Bangs, 1902 — W Costa Rica, through Panama to N & W Colombia. It is also naturally present in Trinidad and Tobago Is (subspecies unknown), but it was extinct in Tobago I long ago due to overexploitation by Amerindians. They also introduced the Lowland Paca (nominate subspecies) from Venezuela into Curacao I, the largest of the Netherlands Antilles. In the 20\" century it was successfully introduced into Cuba from Mexico, so it should belong to the Mexican subspecies nelson. Descriptive notes. Head-body 500-774 mm, tail 13-35 mm, shoulder height 270-310 mm, ear 43-56 mm, hindfoot 113-130 mm; weight 5-14 kg. Male Lowland Pacas are 15% larger than females. Color of dorsal fur varies from reddish brown to dark brown or smoky gray and is marked with rows of white spots on sides; under parts are white. Head is almost square, marked bythick, fleshy lips; elaborate nares; large, light brown eyes; prominent stiff rostral vibrissae up to 150 mm in length; and tufts of vibrissae below ears and behind eyes. Dental formula is I 1/1, Co0/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) =20. Habitat. All types of mature and disturbed multi-strata tropical humid and dry forests, and sometimes mangrove habitat, near rivers, lagoons, or creeks from sea level to elevations of about 2000 m. Lowland Pacas sometimesvisit open field habitats, including cultivated fields. They often prefer mature vegetation near water, such as gallery forests, where fruit production is high and rivers or creeks provide escape from predators. Food and Feeding. [.owland Pacas mainly eat fruit and supplement their diets with seeds, leaves, bark, and cultivated crops. Available information suggests that Lowland Pacas do not discriminate among fruits; across their distribution, they are generalist frugivores, and diets contain ofa great variety offruits depending on season and local availabilities. Among the eleven or more plant families in the Lowland Paca’s diet, the palm family Areaceae appears to be very important. The Lowland Paca eats ripe fruits that have fallen from trees. It seems to prefer almost the same soft fruits that bats eat, and these fruits are highly seasonal, becoming less available in the late rainy season and early dry season. Some fruit species are available at all times of the year, allowing the Lowland Paca to be primarily frugivorous. The frugivorous—folivorous diet influences basal metabolic rate ofthe Lowland Paca , which is 119% ofthe value expected from its body mass. The Lowland Paca is a 9kg caviomorph rodent that eats 290 g dry weight of food/day, or 9 kg/ month. It mostly feeds alone although there are some observations of two individuals feeding together, sometimes two adults and sometimes an adult female with her young. Lowland Pacas cannot manipulate and open hard-shelled fruits and do not store food. The Lowland Paca “stores” food in the form offat to deal with seasonal food scarcity. Sound of falling fruits attracts Lowland Pacas, which allows them to find fruits on the ground. They like to eat in the darkest possible place, and they carry fruits and seeds to sheltered feeding spots. Lowland Pacas practice coprophagy; they eat some of their own feces. They seem to be important short-distance seed dispersers in Neotropical forest ecosystems and probably seed predators of some plant species. Breeding. The Lowland Paca has a low reproductive rate, provides long-term care of young, and is long-lived. Based on information from wild and captive Lowland Pacas, females reach maturity at 8-12 months of age, with body masses of 8-10 kg; males are mature at c.12 months, with body masses of 9-12 kg. The Lowland Paca is polyestrous, and its reproductive success seems to be associated with quality and quantity of food availability. Estrous period is 10-42 days, and gestation is 85-173 days. About 80% offemales give birth to theirfirst offspring at 8-21 months old. Births occur throughout the year, with some females giving birth once a year (28-60%) and others twice (31-71%). Times between multiple births in a single year are 97-268 days, but it is c.466 days for females that have a single birth per year. Littersize is mainly one young (95-100%); twins or triplets are rare (1-5%). Head-bodylengths and body masses of newborn Lowland Pacas are 334 mm and 606-764 g for females and 333 mm and 708-737 g for males,respectively. Average sex ratio at birth is c¢.1-3:1 (¢.56% males and 44% females). Newborns are precocial; they are born with hair and an adult appearance, open eyes, erupted incisors, and cheekteeth appearing through gums. Female Pacas have four mammas, rarely six. Lactation in captivitylasts ¢.84 days and in the wild, c.42 days, until newborn weighs 1-2 kg. At the end oflactation, newborns also eat fruit that the mother chewed for them. By 6-9 months of age, juveniles are 6-8 kg. They tend to remain with their mother for c.12 months. The Lowland Paca can live to c.12 years in the wild and 16-3 years in captivity. Mating of Lowland Pacas occurs throughout the year, but there seems to be periodicity in mating, with most females pregnant or giving birth in February-May and September—December. During courtship, a male Lowland Paca approaches a female, urinates on her, and walks around her making strong growls and gridding his teeth. The female might try to avoid the approaching male and occasionally attack him. The male approaches her, at an angle, and then turns and tries to urinate on her. Usually, the female tries to avoid the spray. The male keeps repeating this behavior until he finally",
  "taxonomy": "Mus paca Linnaeus, 1766 , “Brasilia [= Brazil], Guiana.” Restricted by N. Hollister in 1913 to “French Guiana.” Several subspecies are traditionally recognized, however, a recent review on the family Cuniculidae argues that a study that confirms the validity of these subspecies and establishes their geographical distribution 1s needed. In addition, another recent study on the phylogeography of South American populations did not find geographical differences. The distributions of South American subspecies are not well delimited so the ranges described here are tentative. Five subspecies recognized.",
  "commonNames": "Paca des plaines @fr | Tieflandpaka @de | Paca de llanura @es | Paca @en | Spotted Paca @en",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityName": "Linnaeus",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityYear": "1766",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Cuniculidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Cuniculus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Rodentia",
  "interpretedPageId": "1",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "404",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "paca",
  "name": "Cuniculus paca",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "C. p. paca Linnaeus, 1766 — E & S Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and E Brazil to Paraguay, N Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes provinces), and Uruguay. C. p. guanta Lonnberg, 1921 — W Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and N Bolivia. C. p. mexianae Hagmann, 1908 — E Brazil, mouth of the Amazon in Para State. C. p. nelsoni Goldman, 1913 — E & S Mexico (Atlantic slope lowlands from San Luis Potosi State to Yucatan Peninsula), then through Central America to N Costa Rica. C. p. virgatus Bangs, 1902 — W Costa Rica, through Panama to N & W Colombia. It is also naturally present in Trinidad and Tobago Is (subspecies unknown), but it was extinct in Tobago I long ago due to overexploitation by Amerindians. They also introduced the Lowland Paca (nominate subspecies) from Venezuela into Curacao I, the largest of the Netherlands Antilles. In the 20\" century it was successfully introduced into Cuba from Mexico, so it should belong to the Mexican subspecies nelson.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6594794/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "[.owland Pacas mainly eat fruit and supplement their diets with seeds, leaves, bark, and cultivated crops. Available information suggests that Lowland Pacas do not discriminate among fruits; across their distribution, they are generalist frugivores, and diets contain ofa great variety offruits depending on season and local availabilities. Among the eleven or more plant families in the Lowland Paca’s diet, the palm family Areaceae appears to be very important. The Lowland Paca eats ripe fruits that have fallen from trees. It seems to prefer almost the same soft fruits that bats eat, and these fruits are highly seasonal, becoming less available in the late rainy season and early dry season. Some fruit species are available at all times of the year, allowing the Lowland Paca to be primarily frugivorous. The frugivorous—folivorous diet influences basal metabolic rate ofthe Lowland Paca , which is 119% ofthe value expected from its body mass. The Lowland Paca is a 9kg caviomorph rodent that eats 290 g dry weight of food/day, or 9 kg/ month. It mostly feeds alone although there are some observations of two individuals feeding together, sometimes two adults and sometimes an adult female with her young. Lowland Pacas cannot manipulate and open hard-shelled fruits and do not store food. The Lowland Paca “stores” food in the form offat to deal with seasonal food scarcity. Sound of falling fruits attracts Lowland Pacas, which allows them to find fruits on the ground. They like to eat in the darkest possible place, and they carry fruits and seeds to sheltered feeding spots. Lowland Pacas practice coprophagy; they eat some of their own feces. They seem to be important short-distance seed dispersers in Neotropical forest ecosystems and probably seed predators of some plant species.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 500-774 mm, tail 13-35 mm, shoulder height 270-310 mm, ear 43-56 mm, hindfoot 113-130 mm; weight 5-14 kg. Male Lowland Pacas are 15% larger than females. Color of dorsal fur varies from reddish brown to dark brown or smoky gray and is marked with rows of white spots on sides; under parts are white. Head is almost square, marked bythick, fleshy lips; elaborate nares; large, light brown eyes; prominent stiff rostral vibrissae up to 150 mm in length; and tufts of vibrissae below ears and behind eyes. Dental formula is I 1/1, Co0/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) =20.",
  "habitat": "All types of mature and disturbed multi-strata tropical humid and dry forests, and sometimes mangrove habitat, near rivers, lagoons, or creeks from sea level to elevations of about 2000 m. Lowland Pacas sometimesvisit open field habitats, including cultivated fields. They often prefer mature vegetation near water, such as gallery forests, where fruit production is high and rivers or creeks provide escape from predators."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
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  "verbatimText": "182. Walia Ibex Capra walie French: Bouguetin d’Abyssinie / German: Athiopien-Steinbock / Spanish: ibice de Etiopia Other common names: Abyssinian Ibex , Ethiopian Ibex Taxonomy : Capra walie Ruppell, 1835 , Ethiopia . Sometimes classified as a subspecies of C. nubiana . Molecular genetic data indicate that C. walie and C. nubiana have had a long-term disjunct distribution and form a monophyletic clade separate from an ancestral central Asian ibex. Genetic data and its unique ecological adaptations indicate that C. walie is a separate species. Monotypic. Distribution. N Ethiopia , principally in the Simien Mountains National Park along 25 km of the N escarpment. Descriptive notes. Head-body 175-196 cm (males), tail 22.5-25 cm (males), shoulder height ¢.75-110 cm (males) and ¢.65-100 cm (females); weight 100-125 kg (males). Horn length 89-114 cm (males), basal horn circumference 25-30. 5 cm (males), about 13 cm (females). The horns, which are flattened laterally, diverge slightly and grow upward in a scimitarshaped curve. The relatively flat surfaces of the horns of males have transverse knobs. General body color is chestnut-brown. Chin , throat, underside of the body, and inner surfaces of the legs are whitish, with a black stripe extending down the front of each limb. White bands above the knees and hooves cut across the black stripe of the front and hindlegs. Males seven years and older have a prominent dark beard, and dark chest and flank stripes that connect with the dark upper front legs and dark upper front surface of the hindlegs. Females and young males lack beards. Males have a black mid-dorsal stripe that extends to the tail. The whitish rump patch is small, confined to the anal area, and mostly covered by the relatively long tail. Males rarely live more than eleven years. Habitat. Occur at an average elevation of 3390 m (range: 2500-4200 m) in areas oftall vegetation, including forested areas and tall shrub habitats, but also tall grass meadows and savannas. Have a strong proclivity for using shrubby, savanna, and forested habitats. Their habitats are particularly characterized by heterogeneous slopes including escarpments, deep canyons, gorges, cliffs, and other rocky habitats in steep, rough terrain. Thirty percent of sightings of Walia Ibexes were on 30-40° slopes and 64% on slopes greater than 45°. Females are associated with steeper terrain than males. Food and Feeding. Grasses may comprise 11% of diet, but browse is the diet component. Detailed studies of seasonal preferences have not been conducted. Walia ibexes feed on slopes or terraces near steep, rugged terrain. Breeding. Mating occurs throughout the year, with a peak in March—May. A relatively large number of animals are in mixed groupsatthis period, indicating a peak in sexual activity. Also at this period, 30% of adult males older than four years of age are in rut, and the greatest numbers of adult females are followed by rutting males. Dominant older males, at least seven years old, probably do most of the mating. Males mate with a single female at a time and do not form harems. There is a birth peak in September— October, toward the end of the rainy season. The gestation period is about 165-175 days. Twins are probably rare. Activity patterns. Walia Ibexes are usually active on east-facing slopes, which receive more rain than west-facing slopes. Resting animals prefer ridges that overlook large areas of terrain and afford security. Groups concentrate on areas oftaller, dense plant cover, with a higher utilization of shrubby, savanna, and forested habitats. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Walia Ibexes usually do not have seasonal movements. Males probably have larger home ranges than females, but detailed studies have not been conducted. Males and females are not completely segregated at any time of the year, probably because there are females in estrus throughout the year. Forty percent of ibex herds contained males and females of all ages; 84% of the animals were in mixed herds, indicating that males join female herds during all seasons. Males at the age of two to three years join older male herds. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population currently numbers about 450 in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia , an increase from 300 in the 1980s. Small numbers occur outside the park. Because excessive numbers of livestock are causing habitat degradation and disturbance to native wildlife, livestock should be removed from the national park. The increasing human population in scattered settlements within and outside the park and ensuing agricultural development in steep terrain are further degrading habitats through soil erosion. Cutting of trees and shrubs for firewood and human-induced forest fires add to the continuing habitat degradation and destruction. Development of a buffer area surrounding the park and connectivity corridors for ibexes within and outside the park are urgently needed. The creation of strictly managed game ranching enterprises outside the park, including sport hunting, could promote incentive-driven, community-based conservation initiatives, encourage the protection of ibexes outside park boundaries and make it possible to establish populations in other areas. Bibliography: Dunbar (1978), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Festa-Bianchet (2009), Gebremedhin & Grubb (2008), Gebremedhin et al. (2009), Grubb (2005), Hillman et al. (1997), Maydon (1925, 1932), Nievergelt (1974, 1981, 1990), Nievergelt et al. (1981), Rothschild (1902), Valdez (1985).",
  "taxonomy": ": Capra walie Ruppell, 1835 , Ethiopia . Sometimes classified as a subspecies of C. nubiana . Molecular genetic data indicate that C. walie and C. nubiana have had a long-term disjunct distribution and form a monophyletic clade separate from an ancestral central Asian ibex. Genetic data and its unique ecological adaptations indicate that C. walie is a separate species. Monotypic.",
  "commonNames": "Bouguetin d’Abyssinie @fr | Athiopien-Steinbock @de | ibice de Etiopia @es | Abyssinian @en | bex @en | Ethiopian @en",
  "interpretedAuthority": "Ruppell, 1835",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Ruppell",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1835",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Bovidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Capra",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Artiodactyla",
  "interpretedPageId": "107",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "678",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "walie",
  "name": "Capra walie",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "N Ethiopia , principally in the Simien Mountains National Park along 25 km of the N escarpment.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6512718/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "Grasses may comprise 11% of diet, but browse is the diet component. Detailed studies of seasonal preferences have not been conducted. Walia ibexes feed on slopes or terraces near steep, rugged terrain.",
  "breeding": "Mating occurs throughout the year, with a peak in March—May. A relatively large number of animals are in mixed groupsatthis period, indicating a peak in sexual activity. Also at this period, 30% of adult males older than four years of age are in rut, and the greatest numbers of adult females are followed by rutting males. Dominant older males, at least seven years old, probably do most of the mating. Males mate with a single female at a time and do not form harems. There is a birth peak in September— October, toward the end of the rainy season. The gestation period is about 165-175 days. Twins are probably rare.",
  "activityPatterns": "Walia Ibexes are usually active on east-facing slopes, which receive more rain than west-facing slopes. Resting animals prefer ridges that overlook large areas of terrain and afford security. Groups concentrate on areas oftaller, dense plant cover, with a higher utilization of shrubby, savanna, and forested habitats.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "Walia Ibexes usually do not have seasonal movements. Males probably have larger home ranges than females, but detailed studies have not been conducted. Males and females are not completely segregated at any time of the year, probably because there are females in estrus throughout the year. Forty percent of ibex herds contained males and females of all ages; 84% of the animals were in mixed herds, indicating that males join female herds during all seasons. Males at the age of two to three years join older male herds.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 175-196 cm (males), tail 22.5-25 cm (males), shoulder height ¢.75-110 cm (males) and ¢.65-100 cm (females); weight 100-125 kg (males). Horn length 89-114 cm (males), basal horn circumference 25-30. 5 cm (males), about 13 cm (females). The horns, which are flattened laterally, diverge slightly and grow upward in a scimitarshaped curve. The relatively flat surfaces of the horns of males have transverse knobs. General body color is chestnut-brown. Chin , throat, underside of the body, and inner surfaces of the legs are whitish, with a black stripe extending down the front of each limb. White bands above the knees and hooves cut across the black stripe of the front and hindlegs. Males seven years and older have a prominent dark beard, and dark chest and flank stripes that connect with the dark upper front legs and dark upper front surface of the hindlegs. Females and young males lack beards. Males have a black mid-dorsal stripe that extends to the tail. The whitish rump patch is small, confined to the anal area, and mostly covered by the relatively long tail. Males rarely live more than eleven years.",
  "habitat": "Occur at an average elevation of 3390 m (range: 2500-4200 m) in areas oftall vegetation, including forested areas and tall shrub habitats, but also tall grass meadows and savannas. Have a strong proclivity for using shrubby, savanna, and forested habitats. Their habitats are particularly characterized by heterogeneous slopes including escarpments, deep canyons, gorges, cliffs, and other rocky habitats in steep, rough terrain. Thirty percent of sightings of Walia Ibexes were on 30-40° slopes and 64% on slopes greater than 45°. Females are associated with steeper terrain than males."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
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  "verbatimText": "231. Maxwell's Duiker Philantomba maxwelli French: Céphalophe de Maxwell / German: Maxwell-Ducker / Spanish: Duiker de Maxwell Taxonomy. Antilope maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 , Sierra Leone . Maxwell's Duiker is sometimes included in P. monticola (particularly in historical reports), although it is now well recognized as a separate species. Reports prior to 2010 listed Maxwell’s Duiker as present from Gambia to Nigeria , but populations from Togo eastwards have been determined to be specifically distinct and are listed under Verheyen’s Duiker (FP. wal teri). Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P. m. maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 — Senegal and Gambia to E Ghana (likely limited to the E by the Volta River). P.m. danei Hinton, 1920 — Yatward and Sherbro Is, Sierra Leone . Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-75 cm, tail 8-16 cm, shoulder height 32-42 cm; weight 7-5 kg (6:5—11-2 kg) in males and 8-6 kg (6.5-12. 6 kg ) in females. Maxwells Duiker is the largest member of the genus Philantomba , although subspecies danei is notably smaller than the mainland form. Females may be up to 15% heavier than males. The body has a distinctively arched back; the forelegs are shorter than the hindlegs, and the head is often held low. The general color is dark brownish-gray, sometimes with a bluish or chestnut-red sheen, with the back darker than the sides. There is significant variation in color between and within populations; this may be age-related, as old animals tend to be paler. The belly and inner thighs are whitish, and this color may extend to the chest, but not the neck. The tail is dark above and white underneath; the lateral hairs are white and tend to grow at right anglesto the tail. The face is generally colored as the body, but the forehead is dark, approaching black in some individuals. The hair on the forehead is quite long, and extends from the crown as a short crest. Distinct pale gray stripes run from the medial corners of the eyes to the crown of the head; these are very narrow above the eyes, widening and becoming more diffuse on the forehead. The contrast between the forehead and superciliary stripes is especially pronounced in young adults, but may be faded or indistinct in old animals. A pair of swollen preorbital glandslies in front of the eyes. The glandular opening is 2-5 cm long and is surrounded by naked skin. The underside of the jaw and upper throat are white. The ears are small and rounded, with a dark brown exterior and white interior. There is a slight coronal crest. Horns are always present in males, but their presence is not consistent in females. In form, the horns are conical and ribbed at the base; the sharp tips usually curve slightly forward. Average horn length in males is 3-5—4-9 cm; maximum recorded length is 6-25 cm. When present in females, the horns are shorter. Most females of subspecies maxwelli are hornless (95% in Liberia ; 81% in Ghana ); females of subspecies dane: generally have horns. Dental formulais10/3,C0/1,P 3/3,M 3/3 (x2) = 32.",
  "taxonomy": "Antilope maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 , Sierra Leone . Maxwell's Duiker is sometimes included in P. monticola (particularly in historical reports), although it is now well recognized as a separate species. Reports prior to 2010 listed Maxwell’s Duiker as present from Gambia to Nigeria , but populations from Togo eastwards have been determined to be specifically distinct and are listed under Verheyen’s Duiker (FP. wal teri). Two subspecies recognized.",
  "commonNames": "Céphalophe de Maxwell @fr | Maxwell-Ducker @de | Duiker de Maxwell @es",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityName": "C.H. Smith",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityYear": "1827",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Bovidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Philantomba",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Artiodactyla",
  "interpretedPageId": "137",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "752",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "maxwelli",
  "name": "Philantomba maxwelli",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "P. m. maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 — Senegal and Gambia to E Ghana (likely limited to the E by the Volta River). P.m. danei Hinton, 1920 — Yatward and Sherbro Is, Sierra Leone .",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6512817/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": ""
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  "docName": "hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
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  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
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  "verbatimText": "15. Fenton’s Masuft Bat Molossus fentoni French: Molosse de Fenton / German: Fenton-Samtfledermaus / Spanish: Moloso de Fenton Other common names: Fenton's Free-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Molossus fenton: Loureiro, B. K. Lim & Engstrom, 2018 , Bototo Wau near the village of Parabara, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo , Guyana (2.18201°, -59.33706°, elevation 245 m ). Molossus fenton : was recently recognized as distinct from M. molossus from Guyana and Ecuador based on morphological and molecular differences. Monotypic. Distribution. Known from a fewlocalities in NE Ecuador and Guyana , but some Pallas’s Mastiff Bats ( M. molossus ) in the intervening Amazon Basin might have been misidentified. Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-62 mm, tail 30-37 mm, ear 12-14 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm, forearm 34-36 mm; weight 7-14 g. Fenton’s Mastiff Bat overlaps in size with the Coiban Mastiff Bat ( M. coibensis ) but is smaller than all other species of Molossus . Dorsal pelage of Fenton's Mastiff Bat is dark to medium brown, with pale brown band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Ventral hairs are markedly bicolored, with dark brown tips and pale yellow bases. Dorsal hairs between shoulders are long (4:3-4-6 mm). Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Face is dark brown to black. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown. Skull has elongated braincase, triangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* is thin and long, with paralleltips. Habitat. Savannas at interface with gallery forests (holotype caught in triple-high net set of ¢. 8 m height). Food and Feeding. Fenton’s Mastiff Batis an aerial insectivore. Breeding . Two pregnant Fenton 's Mastiff Bats were caught in early March, a non-pregnant female was lactating in mid-November, and another non-pregnant female was caught in mid- may. mid-May. Activity patterns . No infonnation. Movements, Home range and Social organization . No information. Status and Conservation . Not assessed on The I UCN Red List. Blbllogrnphy Lım, B K & Engstrom (2001). Lım, B K er al (2016), Loureiro, Lım a Engstrom (2018)",
  "taxonomy": "Molossus fenton: Loureiro, B. K. Lim & Engstrom, 2018 , Bototo Wau near the village of Parabara, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo , Guyana (2.18201°, -59.33706°, elevation 245 m ). Molossus fenton : was recently recognized as distinct from M. molossus from Guyana and Ecuador based on morphological and molecular differences. Monotypic.",
  "commonNames": "Molosse de Fenton @fr | Fenton-Samtfledermaus @de | Moloso de Fenton @es | Fenton's Free-tailed Bat @en",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Loureiro, B.K.Lim & Engstrom",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "2018",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Molossidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Molossus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "6",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "625",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "fentoni",
  "name": "Molossus fentoni",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Known from a fewlocalities in NE Ecuador and Guyana , but some Pallas’s Mastiff Bats ( M. molossus ) in the intervening Amazon Basin might have been misidentified.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6418307/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "Fenton’s Mastiff Batis an aerial insectivore.",
  "breeding": "Two pregnant Fenton 's Mastiff Bats were caught in early March, a non-pregnant female was lactating in mid-November, and another non-pregnant female was caught in mid- may. mid-May.",
  "activityPatterns": "No infonnation.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "No information.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 55-62 mm, tail 30-37 mm, ear 12-14 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm, forearm 34-36 mm; weight 7-14 g. Fenton’s Mastiff Bat overlaps in size with the Coiban Mastiff Bat ( M. coibensis ) but is smaller than all other species of Molossus . Dorsal pelage of Fenton's Mastiff Bat is dark to medium brown, with pale brown band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Ventral hairs are markedly bicolored, with dark brown tips and pale yellow bases. Dorsal hairs between shoulders are long (4:3-4-6 mm). Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Face is dark brown to black. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown. Skull has elongated braincase, triangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* is thin and long, with paralleltips.",
  "habitat": "Savannas at interface with gallery forests (holotype caught in triple-high net set of ¢. 8 m height)."
}
{
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  "docId": "C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781",
  "docName": "hbmw_9_Megadermatidae_182.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/3d066e39ff8dffe2ffd7ff8aff916a04",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "192",
  "verbatimText": "4. Greater Asian False-vampire Lyroderma lyra French: Mégaderme lyre / German: Grolier Falscher Vampir / Spanish: Megaderma lyra Other common names: Greater False Vampire , Greater False Vampire Bat , Indian False-vampire Taxonomy. Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , “Indes [= India ].” Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations. Subspecies and Distribution. L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , SW China ( Tibet [= Xizang ]), and W Myanmar ; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan . L. l. sinense K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907 — S China , S Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , Cambodia , and Peninsular Malaysia Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-95 mm (tailless), ear 31-45 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 56-72 mm; weight 40-60 g. Females average slightly larger than males (c.4% in forearm length). The Greater Asian False-vampire has long oval ears that are joined over forehead for 30-50% oflength oftheir inner margins. Tragus is forked, with long tapered posterior branch and short bluntly pointed anterior fork. Posterior noseleaf is taller than wide and shapedlike a lyre, with convex sides and usually three blunt points on top. Thickened median ridge connects to small oval median noseleaf that is quite different from heart-shaped area in other Asian species of megadermatids. Anterior noseleat is relatively small and does not cover muzzle. Front of muzzle lacks fur, and lower jaw protrudes beyond upperjaw. Eyes are large and well developed. Wing and tail membranes are broad, and there is no visible external tail. Fur is generally dark gray to brownish gray above, paler gray underneath. Flight membranes and ears are dark gray, except for pinker bones and middle of ear. Noseleaf varies from pinkish to gray. Baculum consists of two short peg-like bones. Rostrum of skull slopes evenly from braincase without any frontal depression or shield and has small preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has small to medium anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has greatly reduced mesostyle on lingualside; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or shorter than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104. Habitat. Variety of habitats including lowland rainforests and dry forests. In India , mainly lowlands, avoiding hilly areas, but in Pakistan ,it occurs up to ¢. 950 m . It seemsto be fairly tolerant of disturbance and often occurs near human disturbed areas. Food and Feeding. The Greater Asian False-vampire feeds on various prey including large insects (e.g. cockroaches, beetles, and termites) and small vertebrates (e.g. lizards, frogs, small fish, mice, birds, and other species of bats). Prey composition varies from mostly insects to mostly vertebrates in different seasons and regions, presumably depending on availability. Individuals typically hunt by flying low (0-5-1 m aboveground) and slow, while listening for sounds generated by prey. In some areas, they apparently hunt by searching for prey on cliffs or within caves. After capturing a prey item, bats return to a perch to eat it, although they also capture smaller prey that they consume on the wing. Breeding. In India , mating peaks in November-December. Gestation is estimated at c.145 days, with most young born in March—-May. In some colonies, most births are highly synchronized, but in other colonies, they can be spread over a few months. At one site in central India , births in one year were spread from as early as January to as late as May. Typically, one young is born, but twins have been reported. Young are naked at birth and cling to their mothers, using the mouth to grasp one ofthe false nipples. In captive studies of growth, eyes start to open by three days of age, and pinnae are expanded byfive days. Fur starts to be visible by seven days, and it covers young by eleven days. Forearm reaches c.95% of full length at ¢.28 days old, at which time young arestarting to fly, although body weight continues to increase for another month. In the wild, females carry very small young with them while foraging. Larger young are left in diurnal roosts or carried to nocturnal foraging areas where they are left hanging from perches while mothers hunt. In both cases, females return frequently during the night to feed young. Females continue to suckle young for 60-75 days butstart feeding them prey as early as 30-40 days. Activity patterns. The Greater Asian False-vampire remains in a diurnal roost during the day, becoming active at dusk. It spends the night foraging or hanging from a perch in the foraging area and returns to the diurnal roost at dawn. Natural daytime roosts are mainly caves; various human structures are also used. Most roostsites are not in total darkness, and they remain alert during the day. Echolocation calls consist of short (less than 2 milliseconds), low-intensity FM broadband pulses, with up to six harmonics. Frequency of second harmonic descends from c.54 kHz to ¢.38 kHz. In search-phase calls, most energy is in second and third harmonics; additional harmonics are emphasized while hovering over prey. During commuting flights, most energy is in the second harmonic and the fundamental.",
  "taxonomy": "Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , “Indes [= India ].” Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations.",
  "commonNames": "Mégaderme lyre @fr | Grolier Falscher Vampir @de | Megaderma lyra @es | Greater False Vampire @en | Greater False Vampire Bat @en |  @en | ndian False-vampire @en",
  "interpretedAuthority": "(É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityName": "É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityYear": "1810",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Megadermatidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Lyroderma",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "4",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "192",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "lyra",
  "name": "Lyroderma lyra",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , SW China ( Tibet [= Xizang ]), and W Myanmar ; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan . L. l. sinense K.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/5734717/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "The Greater Asian False-vampire feeds on various prey including large insects (e.g. cockroaches, beetles, and termites) and small vertebrates (e.g. lizards, frogs, small fish, mice, birds, and other species of bats). Prey composition varies from mostly insects to mostly vertebrates in different seasons and regions, presumably depending on availability. Individuals typically hunt by flying low (0-5-1 m aboveground) and slow, while listening for sounds generated by prey. In some areas, they apparently hunt by searching for prey on cliffs or within caves. After capturing a prey item, bats return to a perch to eat it, although they also capture smaller prey that they consume on the wing.",
  "breeding": "In India , mating peaks in November-December. Gestation is estimated at c.145 days, with most young born in March—-May. In some colonies, most births are highly synchronized, but in other colonies, they can be spread over a few months. At one site in central India , births in one year were spread from as early as January to as late as May. Typically, one young is born, but twins have been reported. Young are naked at birth and cling to their mothers, using the mouth to grasp one ofthe false nipples. In captive studies of growth, eyes start to open by three days of age, and pinnae are expanded byfive days. Fur starts to be visible by seven days, and it covers young by eleven days. Forearm reaches c.95% of full length at ¢.28 days old, at which time young arestarting to fly, although body weight continues to increase for another month. In the wild, females carry very small young with them while foraging. Larger young are left in diurnal roosts or carried to nocturnal foraging areas where they are left hanging from perches while mothers hunt. In both cases, females return frequently during the night to feed young. Females continue to suckle young for 60-75 days butstart feeding them prey as early as 30-40 days.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head—body 70-95 mm (tailless), ear 31-45 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 56-72 mm; weight 40-60 g. Females average slightly larger than males (c.4% in forearm length). The Greater Asian False-vampire has long oval ears that are joined over forehead for 30-50% oflength oftheir inner margins. Tragus is forked, with long tapered posterior branch and short bluntly pointed anterior fork. Posterior noseleaf is taller than wide and shapedlike a lyre, with convex sides and usually three blunt points on top. Thickened median ridge connects to small oval median noseleaf that is quite different from heart-shaped area in other Asian species of megadermatids. Anterior noseleat is relatively small and does not cover muzzle. Front of muzzle lacks fur, and lower jaw protrudes beyond upperjaw. Eyes are large and well developed. Wing and tail membranes are broad, and there is no visible external tail. Fur is generally dark gray to brownish gray above, paler gray underneath. Flight membranes and ears are dark gray, except for pinker bones and middle of ear. Noseleaf varies from pinkish to gray. Baculum consists of two short peg-like bones. Rostrum of skull slopes evenly from braincase without any frontal depression or shield and has small preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has small to medium anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has greatly reduced mesostyle on lingualside; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or shorter than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104.",
  "habitat": "Variety of habitats including lowland rainforests and dry forests. In India , mainly lowlands, avoiding hilly areas, but in Pakistan ,it occurs up to ¢. 950 m . It seemsto be fairly tolerant of disturbance and often occurs near human disturbed areas."
}
{
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  "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
  "docId": "E53F663EFFE0FFDCFA50F7C6F675F244",
  "docName": "hbmw_6_Octodontidae_0536.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/19061e46ffe5ffd9ffeeffddffc0ffc3",
  "docISBN": "978-84-941892-3-4",
  "docPageNumber": "541",
  "verbatimText": "12. Chilean Rock Rat Aconaemys fuscus French: Tunduco du Chili / German: Stidamerikanische Felsenratte / Spanish: Tunduco de Chile Other common names: Great Rock Rat Taxonomy. Schizodon fuscus Waterhouse, 1842 , “from Chile.” Modified by G. R. Waterhouse in 1848 to the Valle de las Cuevas near the Volcano of Peteroa, Argentina. G. R. Waterhouse in 1842 described A. fuscus based on two specimens collected by T. Bridges but never designated a type specimen, which was formally designed by O. Thomas in 1927. O. P. Pearson in 1984 summarized taxonomic history of A. fuscus . Monotypic. Distribution. Andean areas of C Chile, between Curic6 (Maule Region) and Temuco (Araucania Region) and CW Argentina (Mendoza Province), between 33° S and 41°S. Descriptive notes. Head-body 150-170 mm,tail 55-78 mm, ear 8-12 mm; weight 80-230 g. The Chilean Rock Ratis small-sized to medium-sized. Tail is relatively short (31% of its total length), without a terminal tuff, unlike other species of octodontids. Ears are small. Forelegs are strong, with long claws. Pelage is dark brown dorsally, and venteris lighter brownish yellow. Hands and feet are grayish. Karyotype is 2n = 56, FN = 108. Habitat. Rocky outcrops in highland forests of Araucaria araucana ( Araucariaceae ) to above Andean tree and shrub lines and flat, sandy areas covered with xerophytic shrubs and grasses such as Poa lanuginosus ( Poaceae ), Acacia caven ( Fabaceae ), Ephedra ( Ephedraceae ), Rosa , and Rubus (both Rosaceae ), at elevations of 1000-4000 m. Food and Feeding. The Chilean Rock Rat is herbivorous and eats mainly grasses, seeds, bulbs, and roots. It also feeds on pine nuts and roots of A. aracucana and subterranean bulbs of Amarylidaceae and Alstromeriaceae. It can accumulate and store food in chambers in their burrows. Breeding. Newborn young and pregnant female Chilean Rock Rats have been recorded in spring (October-November). Activity patterns. The Chilean Rock Rat is mainly nocturnal, although daytime activity has also been reported. They only leave their burrows during the day, searching for food or to take short excursions. They have high frequency vocalizations.",
  "taxonomy": "Schizodon fuscus Waterhouse, 1842 , “from Chile.” Modified by G. R. Waterhouse in 1848 to the Valle de las Cuevas near the Volcano of Peteroa, Argentina. G. R. Waterhouse in 1842 described A. fuscus based on two specimens collected by T. Bridges but never designated a type specimen, which was formally designed by O. Thomas in 1927. O. P. Pearson in 1984 summarized taxonomic history of A. fuscus . Monotypic.",
  "commonNames": "Tunduco du Chili @fr | Stidamerikanische Felsenratte @de | Tunduco de Chile @es | Great Rock Rat @en",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityName": "Waterhouse",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityYear": "1842",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Octodontidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Aconaemys",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Rodentia",
  "interpretedPageId": "5",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "541",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "fuscus",
  "name": "Aconaemys fuscus",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Andean areas of C Chile, between Curic6 (Maule Region) and Temuco (Araucania Region) and CW Argentina (Mendoza Province), between 33° S and 41°S.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6615379/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "The Chilean Rock Rat is herbivorous and eats mainly grasses, seeds, bulbs, and roots. It also feeds on pine nuts and roots of A. aracucana and subterranean bulbs of Amarylidaceae and Alstromeriaceae. It can accumulate and store food in chambers in their burrows.",
  "breeding": "Newborn young and pregnant female Chilean Rock Rats have been recorded in spring (October-November).",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 150-170 mm,tail 55-78 mm, ear 8-12 mm; weight 80-230 g. The Chilean Rock Ratis small-sized to medium-sized. Tail is relatively short (31% of its total length), without a terminal tuff, unlike other species of octodontids. Ears are small. Forelegs are strong, with long claws. Pelage is dark brown dorsally, and venteris lighter brownish yellow. Hands and feet are grayish. Karyotype is 2n = 56, FN = 108.",
  "habitat": "Rocky outcrops in highland forests of Araucaria araucana ( Araucariaceae ) to above Andean tree and shrub lines and flat, sandy areas covered with xerophytic shrubs and grasses such as Poa lanuginosus ( Poaceae ), Acacia caven ( Fabaceae ), Ephedra ( Ephedraceae ), Rosa , and Rubus (both Rosaceae ), at elevations of 1000-4000 m."
}

[flsimoes]

• Cloeotis percivali, Cervus albirostris, Capra walie — Fixed, wrongly assigned subSubSection
• Cuniculus paca, Lyroderma lyra, Aconaemys fuscus — parts of the text are missing from the scans, nothing we can do about it for now
• Philantomba maxwelli — this was a case of duplicated pages (2, Sylvicapra grimmia and Sylvicapra pallidior) in the scan; I've removed the duplicates and merged the correct treatments accordingly.
• Molossus fentoni — OCR issue, fixed

[jhpoelen]

@flsimoes thanks for having a look! Much appreciated.

[jhpoelen]

with new version of hmw.json:

 cat hmw.json | bash check.sh | jq '{ docId: .docId, name: .name}'

produced:

{
  "docId": "0383245F2226977A8B0EFE1EF738FDF3",
  "name": "Cloeotis percivali"
}
{
  "docId": "03A087C4FFD7FFD6FF5EFF4AE228F461",
  "name": "Cervus albirostris"
}
{
  "docId": "03F487CCFF9A021BFF70F92AF5D8F244",
  "name": "Cuniculus paca"
}
{
  "docId": "C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781",
  "name": "Lyroderma lyra"
}
{
  "docId": "E53F663EFFE0FFDCFA50F7C6F675F244",
  "name": "Aconaemys fuscus"
}

indicating that descriptions associated with these docId names pairs have empty bibliographic entries. @flsimoes please confirm that these results are as expected.

For full metadata:

{
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  "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
  "docId": "0383245F2226977A8B0EFE1EF738FDF3",
  "docName": "hbmw_9_Rhinonycteridae_194.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/ffba5c272223977c8e73f509ffb1ffd0",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "207",
  "verbatimText": "6. Percival`s Trident Bat Cloeotis percivali French: é he de Per va German: Pei va Kenohr-Drezahnbartna e Spanish: Rn meter dePercrva Other common names: AtrcanTidenr Bat AfrcanTrdent nosed Bat asrAtrcanTrdent Bat Por iva s Short-cared Bat Per va Sh fl-GBIOGTIIÖGM Bat Sh n-earedTııdent Bat Taxonomy. Cloeotis pemivali Thomas, 1901 , “Takaungu, N. of Mombasa , British East Africa Kenya ]. Subspecies often noted, with nominate perrivalz are smaller in body size a than a subspecies australıs and confined to Kenya (and perhaps Tanzania ) vs. southern AF rica. Validity of these two subspecies remains open to question, and no revision based on well representative material is available. Monotypic. Distribution. SE Kenya , Mafia I ( Tanzania ), SE DR Congo , Zambia , Mozambique , Zimbabue , SE Botswana , NE South Africa , and Swaziland . Descriptive notes. Head-body 30-43 mm, tail 18-36 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 5-8 mm, forearm 31-39 mm; weight 3-6 g. Percival's Trident Bat is the smallest species in the family. Pelage usually has slightly darker tinge dorsally than ventrally, 0r venter is sometimes very pale or whitish; color very variable, including bright brownish orange, pale yellowish, pale brown, pale or dark grayish brown, and dull gray; hairs are dark brown, brownish gray, or gray around eyes, noseleaf, and mouth. Wing membranes arc dark grayish brown, and ears and noseleaf are pale pinkish (unpigrnented) to pale grayish brown. Noseleaf is small (width 3 -4-3-9 mm) and rounded, with straplike longitudinal projection that is diamond-shaped in outline and anteriorly forked and lying across anterior part of anterior leaf, above deep anterior medial emargination. Three tall pointed posterior projections are present on posterior pan of posterior leaf, and anterior part in medial position has short and narrow process, with sharply pointed tip. Total width of three posterior projections is c. 50% the width of posterior noseleaf; lateral projections have no emargination at their bases. lateral pans of posterior noseleaf are scalloped by six small cells on each side, plus pair of large cells in central position, separated from each other by fleshy septum. Two supplementary leaflets occur lateral to noseleaf. Ears are very small, rounded, and only bluntly pointed; pinna membrane is thickened. Skull has posteriorly but not laterally prominent nasal swellings. Braincase is much higher than narrow rostrum, and minute sagittal crest is developed only in frontal region. Zygomatic bones are anteriorly strongly convergent and thin, with low dorsal triangular projection on posterior margin. Greatest skull lengths are 13-136 mm, condvlo-canine lengths are 10-9-11 -3 mm, zygomatic widths are 7-7-7 mm, and upper tooth row (C —M‘) lengths are 3 -8-4-4 mm. f is bilobed; C' is slender, with slight cingulum and large posterior secondary cusp, extending about one-third the canine crown height; P‘ is small and extruded; C‘ and P‘ are in or nearly in contact; and M‘ is only little reduced, with metacone. Lower incisors are tricuspid, C, is slender, P, is about one-third to threequarters the crown area and one-half to twothirds the height of P4, and M, is unreduced. Baculum has not been described. Diploid number is 2n 40, but number of autosome arms is unknown. Habitat. Dry woodland savannas with mopane (Colophospennum mopane, Fabaceae ) and various miombo woodlands, bushvelds, riverine woodlands, coastal forest mosaic, and others habitats from sea level to elevations of c. l 540 m . Food and Feeding. Percival`s Trident Bats are aerial hawkers, preying on small flying insects at various heights aboveground and mostly among vegetation. Individuals were documented foraging at various water bodies, in riparian vegetation, and among woodland vegetation. Stomach contents were almost entirely small-sized adult moths (97-1 % by overall volume). All stomachs contained moths, and 86% of them contained only moths. Termites (1 %), beetles 1 -1 %), flies (0-6 %), bugs (04 %). and other items were also consumed. There was little variation in prey type consumed during the night or during annual cycles (moths were 94-7% in summer diets and 983% in winter); small-sized moths were clearly preferred over other similarly sized insects that were equally available. Breeding. Pregnant Percival's Trident Bats, each containing one fetus, were found in October in Zimbabwe , and pregnant and lactating females with attached young were found in late November in north-eastem South Africa and early December in southern Zambia . This indicated that births occur in November and early December. Examinations of females in other seasons did not reveal any signs of ongoing reproductive activity. Hence, Percival's Trident Bat is, like other species of the family, probably seasonallv monoestrous, with females giving birth to one young each year. Activity patterns. Percival’s Trident Bat probably does not enter torpor or hibernate. probably an acrobatic flier. leaves day roosts shortly after sunset and forages for several hours or the entire night. Percival's Trident Bat roosts in underground spaces in natural caves and human-made structures (e.g. mine tunnels and dam body corridors). lt roosts in small and narrow crevices and were once found in a cavity on the ground that was thought to be a porcupine den. Echolocation consists of multiharmonic QCF calls where pulse is composed of short CF component, combined with short FM component at end (CF-FM); tenninating FM component is steep sweep up to 29 kHz. Call is unique due to its unusually high peak frequency of first harmonic, well above 200 kHz; however, fundamental frequency often used during foraging. Call has mean durations of 1 -9 milliseconds (fundamental frequency) and 4 -6 milliseconds (first harmonic). Peak frequencies (fundamental frequencies) are 101-6-105 -3 kHz (mean 103 -4 kHz), first hannonics are 204-212 kHz (mean 207 -8 kHz). highest frequency is 212 kHz, and end (lowest) frequency is 183 kHz. Slight sexual dimorphism was detected in CF component of fundamental harmonic frequency: females ha\\e, on average, lower frequency (102-9 kHz) than males (103-7 kHz). Extremely high frequency of echolocation calls is speculated to be an adaptation to more efficiently catch moths. Remains of Percivafs Trident Bats were found in small amounts of the diet of the bat hawk (Madmmmphus alnnus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting Percival’s Trident Bats hang on cavity ceilings in loose groups, with indiriduals separated from each other by 10-20 cm. Roosting groups have 10-300 individuals, but there are no data on their sexual composition. ln Zambia , a colony of Percival's Trident Bat shared its roost (large karst cave) with colonies of Sundevalfs Leaf-nosed Bats (Hıpposidems mfƒrr), Su-iped Leaf-nosed Bats (Mammycleris vittalus), and Natal bong-fingered Bats (Mmaopterus natalmsis). Status and Conservation. Classified as beast Ooncem on The IUCN Rad List. Percivafs Trident Bat reportedly highly sensitive to roost disturbance. In South Africa , religious ceremonies by local people are carried out in caves, and these rituals and other forms of disturbance can impact local populations and perhaps cause abandonment of roosts. ln Zambia , Percival's Trident Bat shared a cave with Striped Leaf-nosed Bats that were harvested by locals for food, which seriously disturb roosting Percival's Trident Bats. Due to observed fluctuations in numbers of roosting bats at particular roosts, such activities could cause local extirpations. ln South Africa , a national law protects Percival's Trident Bat. Bibliogaphy. Baona (2016) Back (1979), Bat* et a (1979) HI (1982a). Jacobs (2013) Monadiam. Res de 8r Lumsden (2007) Monad |em, Tay or era (2010) Reutenbach eta (1993). Sdwoeman G« Jacobs (2008). Seamark (2005), Taylor (1999), Thomas (1901 b), Whitaker 8r B ack (1976)",
  "taxonomy": "Cloeotis pemivali Thomas, 1901 , “Takaungu, N. of Mombasa , British East Africa Kenya ]. Subspecies often noted, with nominate perrivalz are smaller in body size a than a subspecies australıs and confined to Kenya (and perhaps Tanzania ) vs. southern AF rica. Validity of these two subspecies remains open to question, and no revision based on well representative material is available. Monotypic.",
  "commonNames": "é he de Per va German @fr | AtrcanTidenr Bat AfrcanTrdent nosed Bat asrAtrcan Trdent Bat Por iva s Short-cared @en",
  "interpretedAuthority": "Thomas",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Thomas",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1901",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Rhinonycteridae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Cloeotis",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "5",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "207",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "percivali",
  "name": "Cloeotis percivali",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "SE Kenya , Mafia I ( Tanzania ), SE DR Congo , Zambia , Mozambique , Zimbabue , SE Botswana , NE South Africa , and Swaziland .",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6611836/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "Percival`s Trident Bats are aerial hawkers, preying on small flying insects at various heights aboveground and mostly among vegetation. Individuals were documented foraging at various water bodies, in riparian vegetation, and among woodland vegetation. Stomach contents were almost entirely small-sized adult moths (97-1 % by overall volume). All stomachs contained moths, and 86% of them contained only moths. Termites (1 %), beetles 1 -1 %), flies (0-6 %), bugs (04 %). and other items were also consumed. There was little variation in prey type consumed during the night or during annual cycles (moths were 94-7% in summer diets and 983% in winter); small-sized moths were clearly preferred over other similarly sized insects that were equally available.",
  "breeding": "Pregnant Percival's Trident Bats, each containing one fetus, were found in October in Zimbabwe , and pregnant and lactating females with attached young were found in late November in north-eastem South Africa and early December in southern Zambia . This indicated that births occur in November and early December. Examinations of females in other seasons did not reveal any signs of ongoing reproductive activity. Hence, Percival's Trident Bat is, like other species of the family, probably seasonallv monoestrous, with females giving birth to one young each year.",
  "activityPatterns": "Percival’s Trident Bat probably does not enter torpor or hibernate. probably an acrobatic flier. leaves day roosts shortly after sunset and forages for several hours or the entire night. Percival's Trident Bat roosts in underground spaces in natural caves and human-made structures (e.g. mine tunnels and dam body corridors). lt roosts in small and narrow crevices and were once found in a cavity on the ground that was thought to be a porcupine den. Echolocation consists of multiharmonic QCF calls where pulse is composed of short CF component, combined with short FM component at end (CF-FM); tenninating FM component is steep sweep up to 29 kHz. Call is unique due to its unusually high peak frequency of first harmonic, well above 200 kHz; however, fundamental frequency often used during foraging. Call has mean durations of 1 -9 milliseconds (fundamental frequency) and 4 -6 milliseconds (first harmonic). Peak frequencies (fundamental frequencies) are 101-6-105 -3 kHz (mean 103 -4 kHz), first hannonics are 204-212 kHz (mean 207 -8 kHz). highest frequency is 212 kHz, and end (lowest) frequency is 183 kHz. Slight sexual dimorphism was detected in CF component of fundamental harmonic frequency: females ha\\e, on average, lower frequency (102-9 kHz) than males (103-7 kHz). Extremely high frequency of echolocation calls is speculated to be an adaptation to more efficiently catch moths. Remains of Percivafs Trident Bats were found in small amounts of the diet of the bat hawk (Madmmmphus alnnus).",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "Roosting Percival’s Trident Bats hang on cavity ceilings in loose groups, with indiriduals separated from each other by 10-20 cm. Roosting groups have 10-300 individuals, but there are no data on their sexual composition. ln Zambia , a colony of Percival's Trident Bat shared its roost (large karst cave) with colonies of Sundevalfs Leaf-nosed Bats (Hıpposidems mfƒrr), Su-iped Leaf-nosed Bats (Mammycleris vittalus), and Natal bong-fingered Bats (Mmaopterus natalmsis).",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 30-43 mm, tail 18-36 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 5-8 mm, forearm 31-39 mm; weight 3-6 g. Percival's Trident Bat is the smallest species in the family. Pelage usually has slightly darker tinge dorsally than ventrally, 0r venter is sometimes very pale or whitish; color very variable, including bright brownish orange, pale yellowish, pale brown, pale or dark grayish brown, and dull gray; hairs are dark brown, brownish gray, or gray around eyes, noseleaf, and mouth. Wing membranes arc dark grayish brown, and ears and noseleaf are pale pinkish (unpigrnented) to pale grayish brown. Noseleaf is small (width 3 -4-3-9 mm) and rounded, with straplike longitudinal projection that is diamond-shaped in outline and anteriorly forked and lying across anterior part of anterior leaf, above deep anterior medial emargination. Three tall pointed posterior projections are present on posterior pan of posterior leaf, and anterior part in medial position has short and narrow process, with sharply pointed tip. Total width of three posterior projections is c. 50% the width of posterior noseleaf; lateral projections have no emargination at their bases. lateral pans of posterior noseleaf are scalloped by six small cells on each side, plus pair of large cells in central position, separated from each other by fleshy septum. Two supplementary leaflets occur lateral to noseleaf. Ears are very small, rounded, and only bluntly pointed; pinna membrane is thickened. Skull has posteriorly but not laterally prominent nasal swellings. Braincase is much higher than narrow rostrum, and minute sagittal crest is developed only in frontal region. Zygomatic bones are anteriorly strongly convergent and thin, with low dorsal triangular projection on posterior margin. Greatest skull lengths are 13-136 mm, condvlo-canine lengths are 10-9-11 -3 mm, zygomatic widths are 7-7-7 mm, and upper tooth row (C —M‘) lengths are 3 -8-4-4 mm. f is bilobed; C' is slender, with slight cingulum and large posterior secondary cusp, extending about one-third the canine crown height; P‘ is small and extruded; C‘ and P‘ are in or nearly in contact; and M‘ is only little reduced, with metacone. Lower incisors are tricuspid, C, is slender, P, is about one-third to threequarters the crown area and one-half to twothirds the height of P4, and M, is unreduced. Baculum has not been described. Diploid number is 2n 40, but number of autosome arms is unknown.",
  "habitat": "Dry woodland savannas with mopane (Colophospennum mopane, Fabaceae ) and various miombo woodlands, bushvelds, riverine woodlands, coastal forest mosaic, and others habitats from sea level to elevations of c. l 540 m ."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/ff99ffbcffc5ffc4ffcbffb7e63dfff9",
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  "verbatimText": "27. White-lipped Deer Cervus albirostris French cerf à museau blanc German Weißlippenhirsch Spanish Ciervo hociblanco Other common names Thoıold s Deer Taxonomy. Cervus albirostris Przewalski, 1883 , Nan Shan , Humboldt’s Mountains, bansu (. is sometimes classified m4 distinct ge nus, Pnzuıalslıh Earlier thought to be related to sambaß (Rfßfl) › bl\" “WTPVQlogical, behavioral, and geflflic 81141 'WS align this species with the red deu' clade. wzsfizzwwvzdbwzvflewzlsfl » Russian office.Fìttexplorer of Polish origin. in 1879. W. G. 'l'l\\omld collected two i n' v specimens in 1891 and send them to Euro’): Distribution. E Tibetan Plateau (E Xizang . w Ggmurgnghah W “Chuan 8‘ Nwyunnan). Descriptive notes. Head-body on average ioo cm for males (stags) and 180 cm for females (hinds), tail lengt 12-13 cm , shoulder height 120-130 cm (stags) and 110- 120 cm (hinds); weight 190-220 kg (stags) and 90-150 kg (hinds). Stags are on average 60% heavier than hinds. Large-sized deer with a large face and relatively short legs. The rump patch large and reddish. The tail relatively short. The ears are long, pointed, and fringed with white. Hooves are short and broad. The coat is grayish-brown; the muzzle, chin, and upper throat are white. There is a pale ring around the eyes. The pelage is stiff, thick, and coarse. Newborn calves are spotted; the spots fade precociously at 1 - 5 months of age. Preorbital and metatarsal glands are well developed. Pennanent dentition of 34 teeth, with rudimentary upper canines. Molars erupt at 3-30 months of age. Antlers of adult stags are long, typically with five points, a brow tine, a high trez tine, a dagger, and a tenninal fork. At full size the antler beam is 90-95 cm long. Yearling males are normally spikers, and subadults 2-3 years old are three- to four-tined. The largest antlers of adults have up to seven tines and are 130-133 cm long. ln adult stags velvet shedding occurs in September and antler rnclinrr in Mzffrhanfir Hıbitfit. lt is a high-elevation specialist, living in rhododendron scrub and alpine grasslands above spruce forests, at 3500-5100 m above sea level. The short legs, massive haunches, and broad hooves allow it to use steep terrain. Food and Feeding. t is classified as an intermediated feeder, with a tendency to graze. prefers grasses and sedges but also eats leaves and shoots of woody plants. lts diet includes al least 95 species of plants. Breeding. Females attain puberty at 18-30 months of age. Males reach sexual maturity at about 18 months but do not begin to reproduce before four years of age. Gestation is about 246 days. Rutting season peaks in October. Stagsjoin female groups and maintain microscale harems within the large mixed group or tend individual estrous hinds, without strong competition or oven aggression from other males. lnjune hinds separate themselves from the group and seek an isolated place to give birth. The newborns weigh about 9 kg and are precocial. Half an hour after birth they are able to stand up and within a couple of hours they begin to move away from the birth site. After two weeks calves follow their mothers and rejoin the group. Maximum known longevity in the wild is nine years for stags and twelve years for hinds. They can attain 19 years of age in captivity. Main predators are Gray Wolves (Cams lupus) and Snow Leopards (Panthera unria). Activity patterns. 1t is diurnal and active all day, with peaks at dawn and dusk. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thanks to its robust build and specialized hooves, it is very agile on steep terrain. t is also a good swimmer. 1 t has been described as a nomadic species, moving slowly across vast areas to feed and to shelter from harsh weather. In autumn the deer descend from high summer ranges to low winter ranges. highly gregarious, forming large herds of 25-35 individuals on average. Males and females tend to live separately for most of the year, mixed groups are mainly observed during the rutting season. Aggregations of up to 100-170 animals have been recorded in recent times and up to 800 were documented in the past. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust. Hunting, poaching, and competition with domestic stock (yaks, sheep, and goats) have dramatically reduced the distribution range and population size. Hunting has been prohibited since 1989. ln 1999 there were an estimated 15,800 individuals. A more recent estimate is around 7000 animals. Poaching for meat, antlers, and organs, and competition with livestock are still important threats. Bibliognphy Haırıs (2008c) Harris 8i Loggers (2004) Hams 8i MIIer (1995) Kay at al (1993) Koizumi er al (1993) Lesley (2010), Mıura er al (1993) Schaller (1998) Sheng à Ohtaıshı (1993)",
  "taxonomy": "Cervus albirostris Przewalski, 1883 , Nan Shan , Humboldt’s Mountains, bansu (. is sometimes classified m4 distinct ge nus, Pnzuıalslıh Earlier thought to be related to sambaß (Rfßfl) › bl\" “WTPVQlogical, behavioral, and geflflic 81141 'WS align this species with the red deu' clade. wzsfizzwwvzdbwzvflewzlsfl » Russian office.Fìttexplorer of Polish origin. in 1879. W. G.",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Przewalski",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1883",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Cervidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Cervus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Artiodactyla",
  "interpretedPageId": "18",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "425",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "albirostris",
  "name": "Cervus albirostris",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "E Tibetan Plateau (E Xizang . w Ggmurgnghah W “Chuan 8‘ Nwyunnan).",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "t is classified as an intermediated feeder, with a tendency to graze. prefers grasses and sedges but also eats leaves and shoots of woody plants. lts diet includes al least 95 species of plants.",
  "breeding": "Females attain puberty at 18-30 months of age. Males reach sexual maturity at about 18 months but do not begin to reproduce before four years of age. Gestation is about 246 days. Rutting season peaks in October. Stagsjoin female groups and maintain microscale harems within the large mixed group or tend individual estrous hinds, without strong competition or oven aggression from other males. lnjune hinds separate themselves from the group and seek an isolated place to give birth. The newborns weigh about 9 kg and are precocial. Half an hour after birth they are able to stand up and within a couple of hours they begin to move away from the birth site. After two weeks calves follow their mothers and rejoin the group. Maximum known longevity in the wild is nine years for stags and twelve years for hinds. They can attain 19 years of age in captivity. Main predators are Gray Wolves (Cams lupus) and Snow Leopards (Panthera unria).",
  "activityPatterns": "1t is diurnal and active all day, with peaks at dawn and dusk.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "Thanks to its robust build and specialized hooves, it is very agile on steep terrain. t is also a good swimmer. 1 t has been described as a nomadic species, moving slowly across vast areas to feed and to shelter from harsh weather. In autumn the deer descend from high summer ranges to low winter ranges. highly gregarious, forming large herds of 25-35 individuals on average. Males and females tend to live separately for most of the year, mixed groups are mainly observed during the rutting season. Aggregations of up to 100-170 animals have been recorded in recent times and up to 800 were documented in the past."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_6_Cuniculidae_0398.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
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  "verbatimText": "1. Lowland Paca Cuniculus paca French: Paca des plaines / German: Tieflandpaka / Spanish: Paca de llanura Other common names: Paca, Spotted Paca Taxonomy. Mus paca Linnaeus, 1766 , “Brasilia [= Brazil], Guiana.” Restricted by N. Hollister in 1913 to “French Guiana.” Several subspecies are traditionally recognized, however, a recent review on the family Cuniculidae argues that a study that confirms the validity of these subspecies and establishes their geographical distribution 1s needed. In addition, another recent study on the phylogeography of South American populations did not find geographical differences. The distributions of South American subspecies are not well delimited so the ranges described here are tentative. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. paca Linnaeus, 1766 — E & S Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and E Brazil to Paraguay, N Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes provinces), and Uruguay. C. p. guanta Lonnberg, 1921 — W Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and N Bolivia. C. p. mexianae Hagmann, 1908 — E Brazil, mouth of the Amazon in Para State. C. p. nelsoni Goldman, 1913 — E & S Mexico (Atlantic slope lowlands from San Luis Potosi State to Yucatan Peninsula), then through Central America to N Costa Rica. C. p. virgatus Bangs, 1902 — W Costa Rica, through Panama to N & W Colombia. It is also naturally present in Trinidad and Tobago Is (subspecies unknown), but it was extinct in Tobago I long ago due to overexploitation by Amerindians. They also introduced the Lowland Paca (nominate subspecies) from Venezuela into Curacao I, the largest of the Netherlands Antilles. In the 20\" century it was successfully introduced into Cuba from Mexico, so it should belong to the Mexican subspecies nelson. Descriptive notes. Head-body 500-774 mm, tail 13-35 mm, shoulder height 270-310 mm, ear 43-56 mm, hindfoot 113-130 mm; weight 5-14 kg. Male Lowland Pacas are 15% larger than females. Color of dorsal fur varies from reddish brown to dark brown or smoky gray and is marked with rows of white spots on sides; under parts are white. Head is almost square, marked bythick, fleshy lips; elaborate nares; large, light brown eyes; prominent stiff rostral vibrissae up to 150 mm in length; and tufts of vibrissae below ears and behind eyes. Dental formula is I 1/1, Co0/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) =20. Habitat. All types of mature and disturbed multi-strata tropical humid and dry forests, and sometimes mangrove habitat, near rivers, lagoons, or creeks from sea level to elevations of about 2000 m. Lowland Pacas sometimesvisit open field habitats, including cultivated fields. They often prefer mature vegetation near water, such as gallery forests, where fruit production is high and rivers or creeks provide escape from predators. Food and Feeding. [.owland Pacas mainly eat fruit and supplement their diets with seeds, leaves, bark, and cultivated crops. Available information suggests that Lowland Pacas do not discriminate among fruits; across their distribution, they are generalist frugivores, and diets contain ofa great variety offruits depending on season and local availabilities. Among the eleven or more plant families in the Lowland Paca’s diet, the palm family Areaceae appears to be very important. The Lowland Paca eats ripe fruits that have fallen from trees. It seems to prefer almost the same soft fruits that bats eat, and these fruits are highly seasonal, becoming less available in the late rainy season and early dry season. Some fruit species are available at all times of the year, allowing the Lowland Paca to be primarily frugivorous. The frugivorous—folivorous diet influences basal metabolic rate ofthe Lowland Paca , which is 119% ofthe value expected from its body mass. The Lowland Paca is a 9kg caviomorph rodent that eats 290 g dry weight of food/day, or 9 kg/ month. It mostly feeds alone although there are some observations of two individuals feeding together, sometimes two adults and sometimes an adult female with her young. Lowland Pacas cannot manipulate and open hard-shelled fruits and do not store food. The Lowland Paca “stores” food in the form offat to deal with seasonal food scarcity. Sound of falling fruits attracts Lowland Pacas, which allows them to find fruits on the ground. They like to eat in the darkest possible place, and they carry fruits and seeds to sheltered feeding spots. Lowland Pacas practice coprophagy; they eat some of their own feces. They seem to be important short-distance seed dispersers in Neotropical forest ecosystems and probably seed predators of some plant species. Breeding. The Lowland Paca has a low reproductive rate, provides long-term care of young, and is long-lived. Based on information from wild and captive Lowland Pacas, females reach maturity at 8-12 months of age, with body masses of 8-10 kg; males are mature at c.12 months, with body masses of 9-12 kg. The Lowland Paca is polyestrous, and its reproductive success seems to be associated with quality and quantity of food availability. Estrous period is 10-42 days, and gestation is 85-173 days. About 80% offemales give birth to theirfirst offspring at 8-21 months old. Births occur throughout the year, with some females giving birth once a year (28-60%) and others twice (31-71%). Times between multiple births in a single year are 97-268 days, but it is c.466 days for females that have a single birth per year. Littersize is mainly one young (95-100%); twins or triplets are rare (1-5%). Head-bodylengths and body masses of newborn Lowland Pacas are 334 mm and 606-764 g for females and 333 mm and 708-737 g for males,respectively. Average sex ratio at birth is c¢.1-3:1 (¢.56% males and 44% females). Newborns are precocial; they are born with hair and an adult appearance, open eyes, erupted incisors, and cheekteeth appearing through gums. Female Pacas have four mammas, rarely six. Lactation in captivitylasts ¢.84 days and in the wild, c.42 days, until newborn weighs 1-2 kg. At the end oflactation, newborns also eat fruit that the mother chewed for them. By 6-9 months of age, juveniles are 6-8 kg. They tend to remain with their mother for c.12 months. The Lowland Paca can live to c.12 years in the wild and 16-3 years in captivity. Mating of Lowland Pacas occurs throughout the year, but there seems to be periodicity in mating, with most females pregnant or giving birth in February-May and September—December. During courtship, a male Lowland Paca approaches a female, urinates on her, and walks around her making strong growls and gridding his teeth. The female might try to avoid the approaching male and occasionally attack him. The male approaches her, at an angle, and then turns and tries to urinate on her. Usually, the female tries to avoid the spray. The male keeps repeating this behavior until he finally",
  "taxonomy": "Mus paca Linnaeus, 1766 , “Brasilia [= Brazil], Guiana.” Restricted by N. Hollister in 1913 to “French Guiana.” Several subspecies are traditionally recognized, however, a recent review on the family Cuniculidae argues that a study that confirms the validity of these subspecies and establishes their geographical distribution 1s needed. In addition, another recent study on the phylogeography of South American populations did not find geographical differences. The distributions of South American subspecies are not well delimited so the ranges described here are tentative. Five subspecies recognized.",
  "commonNames": "Paca des plaines @fr | Tieflandpaka @de | Paca de llanura @es | Paca @en | Spotted Paca @en",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityName": "Linnaeus",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityYear": "1766",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Cuniculidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Cuniculus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Rodentia",
  "interpretedPageId": "1",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "404",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "paca",
  "name": "Cuniculus paca",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "C. p. paca Linnaeus, 1766 — E & S Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and E Brazil to Paraguay, N Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes provinces), and Uruguay. C. p. guanta Lonnberg, 1921 — W Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and N Bolivia. C. p. mexianae Hagmann, 1908 — E Brazil, mouth of the Amazon in Para State. C. p. nelsoni Goldman, 1913 — E & S Mexico (Atlantic slope lowlands from San Luis Potosi State to Yucatan Peninsula), then through Central America to N Costa Rica. C. p. virgatus Bangs, 1902 — W Costa Rica, through Panama to N & W Colombia. It is also naturally present in Trinidad and Tobago Is (subspecies unknown), but it was extinct in Tobago I long ago due to overexploitation by Amerindians. They also introduced the Lowland Paca (nominate subspecies) from Venezuela into Curacao I, the largest of the Netherlands Antilles. In the 20\" century it was successfully introduced into Cuba from Mexico, so it should belong to the Mexican subspecies nelson.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6594794/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "[.owland Pacas mainly eat fruit and supplement their diets with seeds, leaves, bark, and cultivated crops. Available information suggests that Lowland Pacas do not discriminate among fruits; across their distribution, they are generalist frugivores, and diets contain ofa great variety offruits depending on season and local availabilities. Among the eleven or more plant families in the Lowland Paca’s diet, the palm family Areaceae appears to be very important. The Lowland Paca eats ripe fruits that have fallen from trees. It seems to prefer almost the same soft fruits that bats eat, and these fruits are highly seasonal, becoming less available in the late rainy season and early dry season. Some fruit species are available at all times of the year, allowing the Lowland Paca to be primarily frugivorous. The frugivorous—folivorous diet influences basal metabolic rate ofthe Lowland Paca , which is 119% ofthe value expected from its body mass. The Lowland Paca is a 9kg caviomorph rodent that eats 290 g dry weight of food/day, or 9 kg/ month. It mostly feeds alone although there are some observations of two individuals feeding together, sometimes two adults and sometimes an adult female with her young. Lowland Pacas cannot manipulate and open hard-shelled fruits and do not store food. The Lowland Paca “stores” food in the form offat to deal with seasonal food scarcity. Sound of falling fruits attracts Lowland Pacas, which allows them to find fruits on the ground. They like to eat in the darkest possible place, and they carry fruits and seeds to sheltered feeding spots. Lowland Pacas practice coprophagy; they eat some of their own feces. They seem to be important short-distance seed dispersers in Neotropical forest ecosystems and probably seed predators of some plant species.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 500-774 mm, tail 13-35 mm, shoulder height 270-310 mm, ear 43-56 mm, hindfoot 113-130 mm; weight 5-14 kg. Male Lowland Pacas are 15% larger than females. Color of dorsal fur varies from reddish brown to dark brown or smoky gray and is marked with rows of white spots on sides; under parts are white. Head is almost square, marked bythick, fleshy lips; elaborate nares; large, light brown eyes; prominent stiff rostral vibrissae up to 150 mm in length; and tufts of vibrissae below ears and behind eyes. Dental formula is I 1/1, Co0/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) =20.",
  "habitat": "All types of mature and disturbed multi-strata tropical humid and dry forests, and sometimes mangrove habitat, near rivers, lagoons, or creeks from sea level to elevations of about 2000 m. Lowland Pacas sometimesvisit open field habitats, including cultivated fields. They often prefer mature vegetation near water, such as gallery forests, where fruit production is high and rivers or creeks provide escape from predators."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_9_Megadermatidae_182.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/3d066e39ff8dffe2ffd7ff8aff916a04",
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  "docPageNumber": "192",
  "verbatimText": "4. Greater Asian False-vampire Lyroderma lyra French: Mégaderme lyre / German: Grolier Falscher Vampir / Spanish: Megaderma lyra Other common names: Greater False Vampire , Greater False Vampire Bat , Indian False-vampire Taxonomy. Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , “Indes [= India ].” Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations. Subspecies and Distribution. L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , SW China ( Tibet [= Xizang ]), and W Myanmar ; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan . L. l. sinense K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907 — S China , S Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , Cambodia , and Peninsular Malaysia Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-95 mm (tailless), ear 31-45 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 56-72 mm; weight 40-60 g. Females average slightly larger than males (c.4% in forearm length). The Greater Asian False-vampire has long oval ears that are joined over forehead for 30-50% oflength oftheir inner margins. Tragus is forked, with long tapered posterior branch and short bluntly pointed anterior fork. Posterior noseleaf is taller than wide and shapedlike a lyre, with convex sides and usually three blunt points on top. Thickened median ridge connects to small oval median noseleaf that is quite different from heart-shaped area in other Asian species of megadermatids. Anterior noseleat is relatively small and does not cover muzzle. Front of muzzle lacks fur, and lower jaw protrudes beyond upperjaw. Eyes are large and well developed. Wing and tail membranes are broad, and there is no visible external tail. Fur is generally dark gray to brownish gray above, paler gray underneath. Flight membranes and ears are dark gray, except for pinker bones and middle of ear. Noseleaf varies from pinkish to gray. Baculum consists of two short peg-like bones. Rostrum of skull slopes evenly from braincase without any frontal depression or shield and has small preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has small to medium anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has greatly reduced mesostyle on lingualside; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or shorter than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104. Habitat. Variety of habitats including lowland rainforests and dry forests. In India , mainly lowlands, avoiding hilly areas, but in Pakistan ,it occurs up to ¢. 950 m . It seemsto be fairly tolerant of disturbance and often occurs near human disturbed areas. Food and Feeding. The Greater Asian False-vampire feeds on various prey including large insects (e.g. cockroaches, beetles, and termites) and small vertebrates (e.g. lizards, frogs, small fish, mice, birds, and other species of bats). Prey composition varies from mostly insects to mostly vertebrates in different seasons and regions, presumably depending on availability. Individuals typically hunt by flying low (0-5-1 m aboveground) and slow, while listening for sounds generated by prey. In some areas, they apparently hunt by searching for prey on cliffs or within caves. After capturing a prey item, bats return to a perch to eat it, although they also capture smaller prey that they consume on the wing. Breeding. In India , mating peaks in November-December. Gestation is estimated at c.145 days, with most young born in March—-May. In some colonies, most births are highly synchronized, but in other colonies, they can be spread over a few months. At one site in central India , births in one year were spread from as early as January to as late as May. Typically, one young is born, but twins have been reported. Young are naked at birth and cling to their mothers, using the mouth to grasp one ofthe false nipples. In captive studies of growth, eyes start to open by three days of age, and pinnae are expanded byfive days. Fur starts to be visible by seven days, and it covers young by eleven days. Forearm reaches c.95% of full length at ¢.28 days old, at which time young arestarting to fly, although body weight continues to increase for another month. In the wild, females carry very small young with them while foraging. Larger young are left in diurnal roosts or carried to nocturnal foraging areas where they are left hanging from perches while mothers hunt. In both cases, females return frequently during the night to feed young. Females continue to suckle young for 60-75 days butstart feeding them prey as early as 30-40 days. Activity patterns. The Greater Asian False-vampire remains in a diurnal roost during the day, becoming active at dusk. It spends the night foraging or hanging from a perch in the foraging area and returns to the diurnal roost at dawn. Natural daytime roosts are mainly caves; various human structures are also used. Most roostsites are not in total darkness, and they remain alert during the day. Echolocation calls consist of short (less than 2 milliseconds), low-intensity FM broadband pulses, with up to six harmonics. Frequency of second harmonic descends from c.54 kHz to ¢.38 kHz. In search-phase calls, most energy is in second and third harmonics; additional harmonics are emphasized while hovering over prey. During commuting flights, most energy is in the second harmonic and the fundamental.",
  "taxonomy": "Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , “Indes [= India ].” Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations.",
  "commonNames": "Mégaderme lyre @fr | Grolier Falscher Vampir @de | Megaderma lyra @es | Greater False Vampire @en | Greater False Vampire Bat @en |  @en | ndian False-vampire @en",
  "interpretedAuthority": "(É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityName": "É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityYear": "1810",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Megadermatidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Lyroderma",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "4",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "192",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "lyra",
  "name": "Lyroderma lyra",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , SW China ( Tibet [= Xizang ]), and W Myanmar ; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan . L. l. sinense K.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/5734717/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "The Greater Asian False-vampire feeds on various prey including large insects (e.g. cockroaches, beetles, and termites) and small vertebrates (e.g. lizards, frogs, small fish, mice, birds, and other species of bats). Prey composition varies from mostly insects to mostly vertebrates in different seasons and regions, presumably depending on availability. Individuals typically hunt by flying low (0-5-1 m aboveground) and slow, while listening for sounds generated by prey. In some areas, they apparently hunt by searching for prey on cliffs or within caves. After capturing a prey item, bats return to a perch to eat it, although they also capture smaller prey that they consume on the wing.",
  "breeding": "In India , mating peaks in November-December. Gestation is estimated at c.145 days, with most young born in March—-May. In some colonies, most births are highly synchronized, but in other colonies, they can be spread over a few months. At one site in central India , births in one year were spread from as early as January to as late as May. Typically, one young is born, but twins have been reported. Young are naked at birth and cling to their mothers, using the mouth to grasp one ofthe false nipples. In captive studies of growth, eyes start to open by three days of age, and pinnae are expanded byfive days. Fur starts to be visible by seven days, and it covers young by eleven days. Forearm reaches c.95% of full length at ¢.28 days old, at which time young arestarting to fly, although body weight continues to increase for another month. In the wild, females carry very small young with them while foraging. Larger young are left in diurnal roosts or carried to nocturnal foraging areas where they are left hanging from perches while mothers hunt. In both cases, females return frequently during the night to feed young. Females continue to suckle young for 60-75 days butstart feeding them prey as early as 30-40 days.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head—body 70-95 mm (tailless), ear 31-45 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 56-72 mm; weight 40-60 g. Females average slightly larger than males (c.4% in forearm length). The Greater Asian False-vampire has long oval ears that are joined over forehead for 30-50% oflength oftheir inner margins. Tragus is forked, with long tapered posterior branch and short bluntly pointed anterior fork. Posterior noseleaf is taller than wide and shapedlike a lyre, with convex sides and usually three blunt points on top. Thickened median ridge connects to small oval median noseleaf that is quite different from heart-shaped area in other Asian species of megadermatids. Anterior noseleat is relatively small and does not cover muzzle. Front of muzzle lacks fur, and lower jaw protrudes beyond upperjaw. Eyes are large and well developed. Wing and tail membranes are broad, and there is no visible external tail. Fur is generally dark gray to brownish gray above, paler gray underneath. Flight membranes and ears are dark gray, except for pinker bones and middle of ear. Noseleaf varies from pinkish to gray. Baculum consists of two short peg-like bones. Rostrum of skull slopes evenly from braincase without any frontal depression or shield and has small preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has small to medium anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has greatly reduced mesostyle on lingualside; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or shorter than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104.",
  "habitat": "Variety of habitats including lowland rainforests and dry forests. In India , mainly lowlands, avoiding hilly areas, but in Pakistan ,it occurs up to ¢. 950 m . It seemsto be fairly tolerant of disturbance and often occurs near human disturbed areas."
}
{
  "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/E5/3F/66/E53F663EFFE0FFDCFA50F7C6F675F244.xml",
  "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
  "docId": "E53F663EFFE0FFDCFA50F7C6F675F244",
  "docName": "hbmw_6_Octodontidae_0536.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/19061e46ffe5ffd9ffeeffddffc0ffc3",
  "docISBN": "978-84-941892-3-4",
  "docPageNumber": "541",
  "verbatimText": "12. Chilean Rock Rat Aconaemys fuscus French: Tunduco du Chili / German: Stidamerikanische Felsenratte / Spanish: Tunduco de Chile Other common names: Great Rock Rat Taxonomy. Schizodon fuscus Waterhouse, 1842 , “from Chile.” Modified by G. R. Waterhouse in 1848 to the Valle de las Cuevas near the Volcano of Peteroa, Argentina. G. R. Waterhouse in 1842 described A. fuscus based on two specimens collected by T. Bridges but never designated a type specimen, which was formally designed by O. Thomas in 1927. O. P. Pearson in 1984 summarized taxonomic history of A. fuscus . Monotypic. Distribution. Andean areas of C Chile, between Curic6 (Maule Region) and Temuco (Araucania Region) and CW Argentina (Mendoza Province), between 33° S and 41°S. Descriptive notes. Head-body 150-170 mm,tail 55-78 mm, ear 8-12 mm; weight 80-230 g. The Chilean Rock Ratis small-sized to medium-sized. Tail is relatively short (31% of its total length), without a terminal tuff, unlike other species of octodontids. Ears are small. Forelegs are strong, with long claws. Pelage is dark brown dorsally, and venteris lighter brownish yellow. Hands and feet are grayish. Karyotype is 2n = 56, FN = 108. Habitat. Rocky outcrops in highland forests of Araucaria araucana ( Araucariaceae ) to above Andean tree and shrub lines and flat, sandy areas covered with xerophytic shrubs and grasses such as Poa lanuginosus ( Poaceae ), Acacia caven ( Fabaceae ), Ephedra ( Ephedraceae ), Rosa , and Rubus (both Rosaceae ), at elevations of 1000-4000 m. Food and Feeding. The Chilean Rock Rat is herbivorous and eats mainly grasses, seeds, bulbs, and roots. It also feeds on pine nuts and roots of A. aracucana and subterranean bulbs of Amarylidaceae and Alstromeriaceae. It can accumulate and store food in chambers in their burrows. Breeding. Newborn young and pregnant female Chilean Rock Rats have been recorded in spring (October-November). Activity patterns. The Chilean Rock Rat is mainly nocturnal, although daytime activity has also been reported. They only leave their burrows during the day, searching for food or to take short excursions. They have high frequency vocalizations.",
  "taxonomy": "Schizodon fuscus Waterhouse, 1842 , “from Chile.” Modified by G. R. Waterhouse in 1848 to the Valle de las Cuevas near the Volcano of Peteroa, Argentina. G. R. Waterhouse in 1842 described A. fuscus based on two specimens collected by T. Bridges but never designated a type specimen, which was formally designed by O. Thomas in 1927. O. P. Pearson in 1984 summarized taxonomic history of A. fuscus . Monotypic.",
  "commonNames": "Tunduco du Chili @fr | Stidamerikanische Felsenratte @de | Tunduco de Chile @es | Great Rock Rat @en",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityName": "Waterhouse",
  "interpretedBaseAuthorityYear": "1842",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Octodontidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Aconaemys",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Rodentia",
  "interpretedPageId": "5",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "541",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "fuscus",
  "name": "Aconaemys fuscus",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Andean areas of C Chile, between Curic6 (Maule Region) and Temuco (Araucania Region) and CW Argentina (Mendoza Province), between 33° S and 41°S.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6615379/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "",
  "foodAndFeeding": "The Chilean Rock Rat is herbivorous and eats mainly grasses, seeds, bulbs, and roots. It also feeds on pine nuts and roots of A. aracucana and subterranean bulbs of Amarylidaceae and Alstromeriaceae. It can accumulate and store food in chambers in their burrows.",
  "breeding": "Newborn young and pregnant female Chilean Rock Rats have been recorded in spring (October-November).",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 150-170 mm,tail 55-78 mm, ear 8-12 mm; weight 80-230 g. The Chilean Rock Ratis small-sized to medium-sized. Tail is relatively short (31% of its total length), without a terminal tuff, unlike other species of octodontids. Ears are small. Forelegs are strong, with long claws. Pelage is dark brown dorsally, and venteris lighter brownish yellow. Hands and feet are grayish. Karyotype is 2n = 56, FN = 108.",
  "habitat": "Rocky outcrops in highland forests of Araucaria araucana ( Araucariaceae ) to above Andean tree and shrub lines and flat, sandy areas covered with xerophytic shrubs and grasses such as Poa lanuginosus ( Poaceae ), Acacia caven ( Fabaceae ), Ephedra ( Ephedraceae ), Rosa , and Rubus (both Rosaceae ), at elevations of 1000-4000 m."
}

[flsimoes]

@jhpoelen sort of
The first two should have bibliographic entries, I'll check them again.

"docId": "0383245F2226977A8B0EFE1EF738FDF3",
"name": "Cloeotis percivali"

"docId": "03A087C4FFD7FFD6FF5EFF4AE228F461",
"name": "Cervus albirostris"

These last 3 are correct. Nothing we can do about them.

"docId": "03F487CCFF9A021BFF70F92AF5D8F244",
"name": "Cuniculus paca"

"docId": "C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781",
"name": "Lyroderma lyra"

"docId": "E53F663EFFE0FFDCFA50F7C6F675F244",
"name": "Aconaemys fuscus"

[flsimoes]

@jhpoelen These had small OCR errors which I didn't notice at first
"docId": "0383245F2226977A8B0EFE1EF738FDF3",
"name": "Cloeotis percivali"

"docId": "03A087C4FFD7FFD6FF5EFF4AE228F461",
"name": "Cervus albirostris"

[jhpoelen]

The v0.4 version of https://github.com/jhpoelen/hmw produced the following records with suspicious content:

$  cat hmw.json | bash check.sh | jq '{ docId: .docId, name: .name}'
{
  "docId": "03F487CCFF9A021BFF70F92AF5D8F244",
  "name": "Cuniculus paca"
}
{
  "docId": "C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781",
  "name": "Lyroderma lyra"
}
{
  "docId": "E53F663EFFE0FFDCFA50F7C6F675F244",
  "name": "Aconaemys fuscus"
}

@ajacsherman @flsimoes Can you confirm that these records are still pending to be fixed?

[flsimoes]

The v0.4 version of https://github.com/jhpoelen/hmw produced the following records with suspicious content:

$  cat hmw.json | bash check.sh | jq '{ docId: .docId, name: .name}'
{
  "docId": "03F487CCFF9A021BFF70F92AF5D8F244",
  "name": "Cuniculus paca"
}
{
  "docId": "C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781",
  "name": "Lyroderma lyra"
}
{
  "docId": "E53F663EFFE0FFDCFA50F7C6F675F244",
  "name": "Aconaemys fuscus"
}

@ajacsherman @flsimoes Can you confirm that these records are still pending to be fixed?

As I commented above, parts of the text are missing from the scans, nothing we can do about it for now for these three records