Comments (9)
21 descriptions these were family descriptions. Family descriptions don't have the same structure as species descriptions.
$ cat missing-bat-info-2022-08-23.csv.txt | grep -P "Family\s+[A-Z]+" | wc -l
21
e.g.,
6043,E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf,hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619,674,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Family MINIOPTERIDAE (LONG-FINGERED BATS) • Small to medium-sized bats, with simple muzzle and no nasal process or noseleaf, tail completely within uropatagium, and second phalanx of the third finger nearly three times as long as the first, with a characteristically bent appearance. • 9-13 cm. • Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions . • (Cave roosting and all biomes, except deserts. • 1 genus, 38 species, 47 taxa. • 2 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600."
from hmw.
the other remaining 3 non-families are:
,docId,docOrigin,docISBN,docName,docMasterId,docPageNumber,derivedFrom,name,interpretedGenus,interpretedSpecies,interpretedAuthorityName,interpretedAuthorityYear,commonNames,taxonomy,subspeciesAndDistribution,descriptiveNotes,habitat,foodAndFeeding,breeding,activityPatterns,movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization,statusAndConservation,bibliography,distributionImageURL,verbatimText
930,03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf,hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b,143,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b)."
3094,194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf,hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce,625,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtfledermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)"
4907,4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf,hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32,827,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des sociétés / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005)."
from hmw.
Appears that remaining species description were not picked up due to variation in OCR-ed text.
For instance Thxonomy
was found where Taxonomy
was expected in https://github.com/bio-guoda/preston/blob/a6ccfe5f9216a1793bdc02aa890fd85b291e7854/preston-plazi/src/test/resources/bio/guoda/preston/cmd/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml .
or
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<figureCitation box="[148,202,1455,1497]" captionStart="Plate 46: Molossidae" captionStartId="2.[150,180,3328,3353]" captionTargetBox="[11,2775,18,3659]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Blunt-eared Bat (Tomopeas ravus), 2. Lesser Naked Bat (Chewromeles parvidens), 3. Greater Naked Bat (Chewromeles torquatus), 4. Peters’s Little Mastff Bat (Mormopterus jugularis), 5. Reunion Little Masuft Bat (Mormopterus francoismoutoui), 6. Mauritian Little Mastiff Bat (Mormopterus acetabulosus), 7. Sumatran Little Mastift Bat (Mormopterus doriae), 8. Least Little Mastiff Bat (Mormopterus minutus), 9. Kalinowski’s Little Mastiff Bat (Mormopterus kalinowskii), 10. Incan Little Masuft Bat (Mormopterus phrudus), 11. Alvarez’s Mastff Bat (Molossus alvarez), 12. Aztec Mastff Bat (Molossus aztecus), 13. Coiban Mastuff Bat (Molossus cotbensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567832/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">14.</figureCitation>
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<paragraph box="[219,594,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<vernacularName box="[219,594,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bonda Mastiff Bat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="currentium">
<emphasis box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Molossus currentium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="6.[143,1069,1516,1577]" box="[143,1069,1516,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[143,208,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Fund</emphasis>
: Mousse de Banda
<emphasis bold="true" box="[436,522,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Gımıııı</emphasis>
Bonda-Samtfledermaus
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,878,1516,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Spanish</emphasis>
Moloso de Bonds
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[143,1069,1516,1577]" box="[143,866,1555,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[754,1349,1629,2057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[755,903,1629,1662]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Thxonomy</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="obscuras" subSpecies="cunmtium">Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[754,1349,1629,2057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789344" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
“Goya, Conientcsƒ'
<collectingCountry name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="6.[754,1349,1629,2057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="distribution">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,925,1866,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Distribution</emphasis>
. Disjunct in E
<collectingCountry box="[1198,1339,1866,1891]" name="Honduras" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Honduras</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[756,899,1906,1938]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[925,1080,1906,1930]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1106,1219,1906,1930]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, NW
<collectingCountry box="[888,1033,1945,1969]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry box="[1124,1244,1945,1970]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
that is separate from CW
<collectingCountry box="[1038,1117,1984,2009]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, N
<collectingCountry box="[1180,1305,1985,2017]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, E
<collectingCountry box="[754,897,2024,2057]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry box="[987,1109,2024,2057]" name="Uruguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
; is potentially present in E
<collectingCountry box="[324,418,2064,2087]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[143,391,2102,2135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Descriptive notes</emphasis>
. Head—body
<quantity box="[588,740,2102,2127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="73.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="66.0">66-80 mm</quantity>
, tail
<quantity box="[819,970,2103,2127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="39.0" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="34.0">34-44 mm</quantity>
, ear
<quantity box="[1053,1201,2103,2127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="13.0">13-16 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot
<quantity box="[143,278,2142,2166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="9.0">9-13 mm</quantity>
, foreann
<quantity box="[429,580,2142,2166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="40.5" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="38.0">38-43 mm</quantity>
; weight
<quantity box="[711,821,2142,2175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="g" value="15.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="10.0">10-21 g</quantity>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[855,1015,2221,2250]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molossus">M. molossus</taxonomicName>
) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2-
<quantity box="[1151,1263,2340,2364]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2 - 5 mm</quantity>
long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,248,2655,2679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Habitat</emphasis>
. Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of
<quantity box="[1205,1307,2695,2719]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="m" value="1060.0">1060 m</quantity>
in Central America and below
<quantity box="[537,623,2734,2758]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
in South America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,409,2773,2806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="activity">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,271,2852,2885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Breeding</emphasis>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in
<collectingCountry box="[390,536,2891,2915]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In
<collectingCountry name="Nicaragua" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
, pregnant females were caught in july.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="activity">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,377,2970,3003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph lastBlockId="6.[145,256,3207,3236]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,867,3049,3082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Movements, Home range and Soda! organization</emphasis>
. Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with
<collectingCountry box="[512,654,3089,3121]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentine</collectingCountry>
Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis (
<taxonomicName box="[1109,1330,3129,3161]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Myotis nigricans</taxonomicName>
), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="conservation">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,483,3246,3271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in
<collectingCountry box="[725,852,3286,3319]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry box="[921,1064,3287,3319]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="6.[1411,2626,2458,3478]" box="[1418,2007,3304,3320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,......</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,291,3330,3354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bibliography</emphasis>
Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
from hmw.
workaround implemented in attempt to catch all.
from hmw.
After adjustments, the information related to the 3 missing species now appear to have been populated:
cat hmw.json | grep -E "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648|194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240|4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC" | jq .
produces:
{
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml",
"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
"docId": "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648",
"docName": "hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf",
"docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
"docMasterId": "hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b",
"docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
"docPageNumber": "143",
"verbatimText": "150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).",
"taxonomy": "Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized..",
"commonNames": "Roussette hypomélane @fr | German @en | nselflughund @en | Zorro volador pequeno @es | Small Flying Fox @en | Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) @en",
"interpretedAuthorityName": "Temminck",
"interpretedAuthorityYear": "1853",
"interpretedClass": "Magnoliopsida",
"interpretedFamily": "Moraceae",
"interpretedGenus": "Pleropus",
"interpretedKingdom": "Plantae",
"interpretedOrder": "Rosales",
"interpretedPageId": "85",
"interpretedPageNumber": "143",
"interpretedPhylum": "Tracheophyta",
"interpretedRank": "species",
"interpretedSpecies": "hypomelanus",
"name": "Pleropus hypomelanus",
"subspeciesAndDistribution": "P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo.",
"distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6448899/files/figure.png",
"bibliography": "Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Aziz et al. (2017) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Jones & Kunz (2000) | Koopman (1979) | Metrione et al. (2008) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Simmons (2005) | Thomas (1915b)",
"foodAndFeeding": "Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h.",
"breeding": "Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days.",
"activityPatterns": "Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate.",
"movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ).",
"statusAndConservation": "CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox.",
"descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72.",
"habitat": "Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands."
}
{
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml",
"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
"docId": "194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240",
"docName": "hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf",
"docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
"docMasterId": "hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce",
"docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
"docPageNumber": "625",
"verbatimText": "14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtfledermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
"taxonomy": "Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.",
"interpretedAuthorityName": "Thomas",
"interpretedAuthorityYear": "1901",
"interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
"interpretedFamily": "Molossidae",
"interpretedGenus": "Molossus",
"interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
"interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
"interpretedPageId": "6",
"interpretedPageNumber": "625",
"interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
"interpretedRank": "species",
"interpretedSpecies": "currentium",
"name": "Molossus currentium",
"subspeciesAndDistribution": "Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia .",
"distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6418300/files/figure.png",
"bibliography": "Burnett eta! (2001) | Dolan & Caner (1979) | Eger (2008) | Eısenberg (1989) | Gardner eta/ (1970) | Koopman (19823. 1993) | Laval (1977) | Lava B« Fitch (1977) | López-González (( 9981:) | Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001) | Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) | Mora (2016) | Simmons (2005) | Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966) | Ttmm à Laval (1998) | Valdlvleso (1964) | Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
"foodAndFeeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.",
"breeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july.",
"statusAndConservation": "Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,......",
"descriptiveNotes": "Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.",
"habitat": "Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America."
}
{
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC.xml",
"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
"docId": "4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC",
"docName": "hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf",
"docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
"docMasterId": "hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32",
"docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
"docPageNumber": "827",
"verbatimText": "142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des sociétés / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005).",
"taxonomy": "Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic..",
"commonNames": "Farfadet des sociétés @fr | Soziale Elfenfledermaus @de | Arielulus social @es | Benom-gilded Pipistrelle @en | Social Pipistrelle @en",
"interpretedAuthority": "Hill, 1972",
"interpretedAuthorityName": "Hill",
"interpretedAuthorityYear": "1972",
"interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
"interpretedFamily": "Vespertilionidae",
"interpretedGenus": "Arelulus",
"interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
"interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
"interpretedPageId": "69",
"interpretedPageNumber": "827",
"interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
"interpretedRank": "species",
"interpretedSpecies": "societatis",
"name": "Arelulus societatis",
"subspeciesAndDistribution": "Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification.",
"distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6398071/files/figure.png",
"bibliography": "Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008) | Boitani et al. (2006) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008a) | Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989) | Hill (1972, 1983) | Hill & Francis (1984) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Kingston , Francis et al. (2003) | Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006) | Lim et al. (2017) | Medway (1983) | Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015) | Simmons (2005)",
"foodAndFeeding": "No information.",
"breeding": "No information.",
"activityPatterns": "Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream.",
"movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "No information.",
"statusAndConservation": "Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve.",
"descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48.",
"habitat": "Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m ."
}
from hmw.
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@flsimoes Kendra found some possible OCR related misspellings.
re: 03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648 (aka species 1)
Kendra said:
Genus should be “Pteropus" (rather than Pleropus), also some of the taxonomic data eludes to this being a mulberry species (e.g., Class, Family, Kingdom, Order).
re: 4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC (aka species 3)
Kendra said:
Genus should be “Arielulus” (rather than Arelulus)
What is your process for addressing these kinds of issues?
Also, how do you prefer to be notified of this kinds of things?
from hmw.
@jhpoelen I'll check them out
What is your process for addressing these kinds of issues?
Nothing out of the ordinary. We open the document with the issue you pointed out, look for the error and fix it.
Not enough manpower to look for more errors constantly, and some errors are too specific, so it is better to be reactive.
Also, how do you prefer to be notified of this kinds of things?
Just tag me on the github issue and I get an email notificiation. I check it very frequently
If there's some urgency you can always ping me on Slack.
from hmw.
re: 03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648 (aka species 1) Kendra said:
Genus should be “Pteropus" (rather than Pleropus), also some of the taxonomic data eludes to this being a mulberry species (e.g., Class, Family, Kingdom, Order).
re: 4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC (aka species 3) Kendra said:
Genus should be “Arielulus” (rather than Arelulus)
@jhpoelen @kephelps fixed, both were caused by OCR misreads, and their downstream effects
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Related Issues (11)
- missing HMW species list HOT 17
- expected foodAndEating item for [Peropteryx pallidoptera] but found none HOT 6
- create a method to automatically align HMW with batnames HOT 4
- Eothenomys melanogaster / 03F06D13FFB3207908991339090DFEA8.xml does not contain "Status and Conservation" section HOT 4
- split hmw.csv into separate volumes for ease of processing HOT 4
- 3 non-family records with unexpected empty bibliography entries: Cuniculus paca, Lyroderma lyra, Aconaemys fuscus HOT 8
- create pre-populated feedback link in data HOT 1
- Spelling errors during Plazi extraction HOT 19
- expected _Eudiscoderma thongareeae_, _Macroderma gigas_ and _Rhinopoma macinnesi_ , but missing from the scans HOT 2
- create data publication for resources derived from plazi treatment-xml `hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0`
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