Mix tasks to simplify use of Dialyzer in Elixir projects.
A release candidate has been published on Hex for 1.0. To use it add to your mix.exs deps:
defp deps do
[
{:dialyxir, "~> 1.0.0-rc.7", only: [:dev], runtime: false},
]
end
Elixir 1.6 is required, to support the new pretty printing feature. If your project is not yet on 1.6, continue to specify 0.5 in your mix deps.
Warning messages have been greatly improved, but are filtered through the legacy formatter to support your existing ignore files. You can optionally use the new Elixir term format for ignore files. You may want to use the --format short
argument in your CI pipelines. There are several formats, also there is a new explain
feature - for details see CLI options.
If you are planning to use Dialyzer with an application built with the Phoenix Framework, check out the Quickstart wiki.
Dialyxir is available on hex.pm.
You can either add it as a dependency in your mix.exs, or install it globally as an archive task.
To add it to a mix project, just add a line like this in your deps function in mix.exs:
defp deps do
[
{:dialyxir, "~> 0.5", only: [:dev], runtime: false},
]
end
mix do deps.get, deps.compile
Use dialyxir from the directory of the mix project you want to analyze; a PLT file will be created or updated if required and the project will be automatically compiled.
mix dialyzer
--no-compile
- do not compile even if needed.--no-check
- do not perform (quick) check to see if PLT needs updated.--ignore-exit-status
- display warnings but do not halt the VM or return an exit status code--format short
- format the warnings in a compact format.--format raw
- format the warnings in format returned before Dialyzer formatting--format dialyxir
- format the warnings in a pretty printed format--format dialyzer
- format the warnings in the original Dialyzer format--quiet
- suppress all informational messages
Warning flags passed to this task are passed on to :dialyzer
.
e.g.
mix dialyzer --unmatched_returns
There is information available about the warnings via the explain task - e.g.
mix dialyzer.explain unmatched_return
If invoked without arguments, mix dialyzer.explain
will list all the known warnings.
To use Dialyzer in CI, you must be aware of several things:
- Building the PLT file may take a while if a project has many dependencies
- The PLT should be cached using the CI caching system
- The PLT will need to be rebuilt whenever adding a new Erlang or Elixir version to build matrix
Using Travis, this would look like:
.travis.yml
language: elixir
elixir:
- 1.8
otp_release:
- 21.0
script:
- mix dialyzer
cache:
directories:
- priv/plts
mix.exs
def project do
[
...
dialyzer: [
plt_file: {:no_warn, "priv/plts/dialyzer.plt"}
]
]
end
.gitignore
/priv/plts/*.plt
/priv/plts/*.plt.hash
Dialyzer is a static analysis tool for Erlang and other languages that compile to BEAM bytecode for the Erlang VM. It can analyze the BEAM files and provide warnings about problems in your code including type mismatches and other issues that are commonly detected by static language compilers. The analysis can be improved by inclusion of type hints (called specs) but it can be useful even without those. For more information I highly recommend the Success Typings paper that describes the theory behind the tool.
Usage is straightforward but you should be aware of the available configuration settings you may wish to add to your mix.exs file.
The Persistent Lookup Table (PLT) is basically a cached output of the analysis. This is important because you'd probably stab yourself in the eye with
a fork if you had to wait for Dialyzer to analyze all the standard library and OTP modules you are using everytime you ran it.
Running the mix task dialyzer
by default builds several PLT files:
- A core Erlang file in $MIX_HOME/dialyxir_erlang-[OTP Version].plt
- A core Elixir file in $MIX_HOME/dialyxir_erlang-[OTP Version]_elixir-[Elixir Version].plt
- A project environment specific file in _build/env/dialyze_erlang-[OTP Version]_elixir-[Elixir Version]_deps-dev.plt
The core files are simply copied to your project folder when you run dialyxir
for the first time with a given version of Erlang and Elixir. By default, all
the modules in the project PLT are checked against your dependencies to be sure they are up to date. If you do not want to use MIX_HOME to store your core Erlang and Elixir files, you can provide a :plt_core_path key with a file path. You can specify a different location for the project PLT file with the :plt_file keyword - this is deprecated because people were using it with the old dialyxir
to have project-specific PLTs, which are now the default. To silence the deprecation warning, specify this value as plt_file: {:no_warn, "/myproject/mypltfile"}
.
The core PLTs include a basic set of OTP applications, as well as all of the Elixir standard libraries.
The apps included by default are [ :erts, :kernel, :stdlib, :crypto]
.
If you don't want to include the default apps you can specify a :plt_apps
key and list there only the apps you want in the PLT. Using this option will mean dependencies are not added automatically (see below). If you want to just add an application to the list of defaults and dependencies you can use the :plt_add_apps
key.
If you want to ignore a specific dependency, you can specify it in the :plt_ignore_apps
key.
OTP application dependencies are (transitively) added to your PLT by default. The applications added are the same as you would see displayed with the command mix app.tree
. There is also a :plt_add_deps
option you can set to control the dependencies added. The following options are supported:
- :project - Direct Mix and OTP dependencies
- :apps_direct - Only Direct OTP application dependencies - not the entire tree
- :transitive - Include Mix and OTP application dependencies recursively
- :app_tree - Transitive OTP application dependencies e.g.
mix app.tree
(default)
The example below changes the default to include only direct OTP dependencies, adds another specific dependency, and removes a dependency from the list. This can be helpful if a large dependency tree is creating memory issues and only some of the transitive dependencies are required for analysis.
def project do
[
app: :my_app,
version: "0.0.1",
deps: deps,
dialyzer: [
plt_add_deps: :apps_direct,
plt_add_apps: [:wx],
plt_ignore_apps: [:mnesia]
]
]
end
Explanations are available for classes of warnings by passing the --explain warning_name
flag. It will include a description about the type of warning, as well as a small example that would also cause that warning. Poor explanations and examples should be considered issues in this library, and pull requests are very welcome! The warning name is returned from the --format short
and --format dialyzer
flags. List available warnings with --list
.
Dialyxir supports formatting the errors in several different ways:
- Short - By passing
--format short
, the structs and other spec/type information will be dropped from the error message, with a minimal message. This is useful for CI environments. Includeswarning_name
for use in explanations. - Dialyzer - By passing
--format dialyzer
, the messages will be printed in the default Dialyzer format. This format is used in legacy string matching ignore files. - Raw - By passing
--format raw
, messages will be printed in their form before being pretty printed by Dialyzer or Dialyxir. - Dialyxir (default) -- By passing
--format dialyxir
, messages will be converted to Elixir style messages then pretty printed and formatted. Includeswarning_name
for use in explanations.
Dialyzer supports a number of warning flags used to enable or disable certain kinds of analysis features. Until version 0.4, dialyxir
used by default the additional warning flags shown in the example below. However some of these create warnings that are often more confusing than helpful, particularly to new users of Dialyzer. As of 0.4, there are no longer any flags used by default. To get the old behavior, specify them in your Mix project file. For compatibility reasons you can use either the -Wwarning
convention of the dialyzer CLI, or (preferred) the WarnOpts
atoms supported by the API. e.g.
def project do
[
app: :my_app,
version: "0.0.1",
deps: deps,
dialyzer: [flags: ["-Wunmatched_returns", :error_handling, :race_conditions, :underspecs]]
]
end
By default only the ebin in the _build
directory for the current mix environment of your project is included in paths to search for BEAM files to perform analysis on. You can specify a list of locations to find BEAMS for analysis with :paths keyword.
def project do
[
app: :my_app,
version: "0.0.1",
deps: deps,
dialyzer: [
plt_add_apps: [:mnesia],
flags: [:unmatched_returns, :error_handling, :race_conditions, :no_opaque],
paths: ["_build/dev/lib/my_app/ebin", "_build/dev/lib/foo/ebin"]
]
]
end
By default dialyxir
has always included the :unknown
warning option so that warnings about unknown functions are returned. This is usually a clue that the PLT is not complete and it may be best to leave it on, but it can be disabled entirely by specifying remove_defaults: [:unknown]
in your config.
A better option is to ignore the specific warnings you can't fix (maybe due to a bug upstream, or a dependency you just don't want to include in your PLT due to time/memory in building the PLT file.)
If you want to ignore well-known warnings, you can specify a file path in :ignore_warnings
.
def project do
[
app: :my_app,
version: "0.0.1",
deps: deps,
dialyzer: [ignore_warnings: "dialyzer.ignore-warnings"]
]
end
This file comes in two formats: --format dialyzer
string matches (compatbile with <= 0.5.1 ignore files), and the term format.
Any line of dialyzer format output (partially) matching a line in "dialyzer.ignore-warnings"
is filtered.
Note that copying output in the default format will not work! Run mix dialyzer --format dialyzer
to produce output suitable for the ignore file.
For example, in a project where mix dialyzer --format dialyzer
outputs:
Proceeding with analysis...
config.ex:64: The call ets:insert('Elixir.MyApp.Config',{'Elixir.MyApp.Config',_}) might have an unintended effect due to a possible race condition caused by its combination withthe ets:lookup('Elixir.MyApp.Config','Elixir.MyApp.Config') call in config.ex on line 26
config.ex:79: Guard test is_binary(_@5::#{'__exception__':='true', '__struct__':=_, _=>_}) can never succeed
config.ex:79: Guard test is_atom(_@6::#{'__exception__':='true', '__struct__':=_, _=>_}) can never succeed
done in 0m1.32s
done (warnings were emitted)
If you wanted to ignore the last two warnings about guard tests, you could add to dialyzer.ignore-warnings
:
Guard test is_binary(_@5::#{'__exception__':='true', '__struct__':=_, _=>_}) can never succeed
Guard test is_atom(_@6::#{'__exception__':='true', '__struct__':=_, _=>_}) can never succeed
And then run mix dialyzer
would output:
Proceeding with analysis...
config.ex:64: The call ets:insert('Elixir.MyApp.Config',{'Elixir.MyApp.Config',_}) might have an unintended effect due to a possible race condition caused by its combination withthe ets:lookup('Elixir.MyApp.Config','Elixir.MyApp.Config') call in config.ex on line 26
done in 0m1.32s
done (warnings were emitted)
Dialyxir also recognizes an Elixir format of the ignore file. If your ignore file is an exs
file, Dialyxir will evaluate it and process its data structure. The file looks like the following, and can match either tuple patterns or an arbitrary Regex
applied to the short-description (mix dialyzer --format short
):
# .dialyzer_ignore.exs
[
# {short_description}
{":0:unknown_function Function :erl_types.t_is_opaque/1/1 does not exist."},
# {short_description, warning_type}
{":0:unknown_function Function :erl_types.t_to_string/1 does not exist.", :unknown_function},
# {short_description, warning_type, line}
{":0:unknown_function Function :erl_types.t_to_string/1 does not exist.", :unknown_function, 0},
# {file, warning_type, line}
{"lib/dialyxir/pretty_print.ex", :no_return, 100},
# {file, warning_type}
{"lib/dialyxir/warning_helpers.ex", :no_return},
# {file}
{"lib/dialyxir/warnings/app_call.ex"},
# regex
~r/my_file\.ex.*my_function.*no local return/
]
As filters tend to become obsolete (either because a discrepancy was fixed, or because the location
for which a filter is needed changes), listing unused filters might be useful. This can be done by
setting the :list_unused_filters
option to true
in mix.exs
. For example:
dialyzer: [
ignore_warnings: "ignore_test.exs",
list_unused_filters: true
]
This option can also be set on the command line with --list-unused-filters
. When used without
--ignore-exit-status
, this option will result in an error status code.