memphis-iis / cohmetrix-issues

Public Issue Only Repository for Issues and Distrobution of Cohmetrix Core Desktop

CohMetrixCore

link

CohMetrixCORE is a .NET 6 implementation of Coh-Metrix for modern operating systems, a program that leverages natural language processing to analyze discourse. It computes a wide range of linguistic indices to assess various aspects of language in written or spoken text, enabling you to determine text quality, readability, and other specific properties. This system conducts in-depth analyses across multiple text dimensions, including simple indices like word frequency and sentence length, as well as more complex indices such as cohesion and syntactic complexity. CohMetrixCore can be employed in educational tutoring systems, research, and a variety of applications where in-depth text analysis is necessary.

Announcment (Licensing)

We will no longer be generating licenses for all versions unless there is an issue with the self service portal.. You may use the self service portal at link

Upgrading

Upgrades to the newest build may require redownloading the data. Please delete these folders if you have them:

C:\Program Files (x86)\CohMetrixCore\data (Windows) ~/.local/share/CohMetrixCore (Linux and MacOS)

Cohmetrix will automatically redownload the files.

Example Issue:

Name:

Email:

Insitution:

Secret key:

Description of your research:

Dependencies

Windows (CLI)

• .NET 6 Runtime installed on your machine link
• ASP.NET Core 6 Runtime installed on your machine link

Windows (Desktop Non GTK)

• .NET 6 Runtime installed on your machine link
• ASP.NET Core 6 Runtime installed on yor machine link

MacOS Silicon

• .NET 6 Runtime installed on your machine link
• ASP.NET Core 6 Runtime installed on yor machine link

MacOS Classic

• .NET 6 Runtime installed on your machine link
• ASP.NET Core 6 Runtime installed on yor machine link

Linux (CLI)

• .NET 6 Runtime

sudo apt install dotnet

• ASP .NET Runtime

sudo apt install aspnet

Windows (CLI)

CohMetrixCoreCLI.exe <input file or directory> <output directory>

Linux / MacOS (CLI)

CohMetrixCoreCLI <input file or directory> <output directory>

cohmetrix-issues's Issues

license key request

Name: Lei Liu

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Yanshan University

Secret key: 640 (secret) Build 3

Description of your research: Build automatic essay scoring system.

For cohmetrix license key

Name: Harvey

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Guangxi Normal University

Secret Key: 703 (secret) Build 4

Description of your research: composition analysis

Coh-Metrix License Issue Request

Name: Martin Walczak

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: University of Houston

Secret key: 695

Description of your research: The effects of domain-general and domain-specific item features on item difficulty of STEM assessments in English language learners and non-English language learners

License request

Name: Manuel Rodríguez
Email: [email protected]
Institution: Universitat Jaume I (Spain)
Secret Key: 660 (secret) Build 4
Description of your research: the analysis of writte output by English as a foreign language learners.

Note: I've asked for the license 2 days ago, but when entering it today the secret key provided by the software was different.

Thanks again in advance and sorry for the inconvenience.

Error: No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it 127.0.0.1:8666

It was still working a few days ago. But these days when I use it, it always has this kind of error, is it my problem or the web tool is down?

problems

when i input one text for testing, this erro occurs.

Request for Access to Academic Resources for ISEC Accounting and Finance English Writing Research

Issue Example:

Name: Chuwei Sun

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Hebei University of Economics and Business

Key: jiuhechuan

Description of Your Research: I am currently engaged in research on academic English writing in ISEC accounting and finance disciplines at Hebei University of Economics and Business. My research focuses on exploring effective ways to integrate accounting and financial expertise into English writing instruction, aiming to enhance students' linguistic capabilities and professional understanding in these fields. Additionally, I am investigating how English writing training can improve students' critical thinking and analytical skills. I believe that through this research, I can contribute to English education in the fields of accounting and finance and help students better prepare for their future careers.

Request for Coh-Metrix

Name: Yunye Yu, Ph.D.

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Southeast University (China)

Secret key: 688 (secret) Build 4

Description of your research: I need to compare and analyze two writing groups: human writers and onw human-AI collaborative writing. I would like to analyze the linguistic differences in the writing.

Coh-Metrix Invalid Code

Hello sir/ma'am,

I hope it finds you well.

After installing the following CohMetrix files successfully, I have faced with errors.
cohmetrixcore-1.0.2-windows-installer.exe
.NET 6 Runtime installed on your machine
ASP.NET Core 6 Runtime installed on your machine

The errors are:

1. I see I need to update to the latest version of CohMetrix Core while I have installed "cohmetrixcore-1.0.2-windows-installer" that is the already the latest version.

2. The next issue that the license is not valid. Although you sent a ScreenShot, I do not know what the valid license key is and how I can use it.

Could you please provide me with additional instructions to me how I can come up with the errors?

Regards,
Reza Javaheri

Error, no results

Hi, when I run the program on just one single text file, this is the progress + error that shows:
Welcome to CohMetrix Core 1.0 [Build 9]
Please select input and output folder and press analyze to start processing. Threads (amount of files processed at the same time) can be set below to speed up processing.
Number of threads available: 16
Warning: using many threads might slow down your computer. Coh-Metrix is set to use 1 threads.
Input folder: C:\Users\lisac\sciebo\Uni\Dissertation\Coh-Metrix\CM_data
Output folder: C:\Users\lisac\sciebo\Uni\Dissertation\Coh-Metrix
Initializing CohMetrix...
Starting: LN_23_Jannis.txt Thread: 6
Reading: C:\Users\lisac\sciebo\Uni\Dissertation\Coh-Metrix\CM_data\LN_23_Jannis.txt Thread: 6
Started: LN_23_Jannis.txt Thread: 6
ERROR: -Data construtor- MPCohMetrix
at MPCohMetrix.DataConstructor1.ConvertZtoP(Double z) in C:\Users\Rusty\Desktop\workspace\Cohmetrix3_0\cohmetrix3\CohMetrix3\MPCohMetrix\DataConstructor1.cs:line 378
at MPCohMetrix.DataConstructor1.AddLinearCombinationToTableFromFile(DataSet ds, DataTable table, XmlNode formulaNode, String columnName) in C:\Users\Rusty\Desktop\workspace\Cohmetrix3_0\cohmetrix3\CohMetrix3\MPCohMetrix\DataConstructor1.cs:line 362
at MPCohMetrix.DataConstructor1.AddIndexToTable(DataSet ds, DataTable table, XmlNode indexNode) in C:\Users\Rusty\Desktop\workspace\Cohmetrix3_0\cohmetrix3\CohMetrix3\MPCohMetrix\DataConstructor1.cs:line 322
at MPCohMetrix.DataConstructor1.AddGroupToTable(DataSet ds, DataTable table, XmlNode groupNode) in C:\Users\Rusty\Desktop\workspace\Cohmetrix3_0\cohmetrix3\CohMetrix3\MPCohMetrix\DataConstructor1.cs:line 286
at MPCohMetrix.DataConstructor1.GetTable(DataSet ds, XmlDocument doc) in C:\Users\Rusty\Desktop\workspace\Cohmetrix3_0\cohmetrix3\CohMetrix3\MPCohMetrix\DataConstructor1.cs:line 212
at MPCohMetrix.DataConstructor1.GetDataSet(DataSet ds) in C:\Users\Rusty\Desktop\workspace\Cohmetrix3_0\cohmetrix3\CohMetrix3\MPCohMetrix\DataConstructor1.cs:line 143
at MPCohMetrix.CohMetrix.AnalyzeTextForWeb(String text) in C:\Users\Rusty\Desktop\workspace\Cohmetrix3_0\cohmetrix3\CohMetrix3\MPCohMetrix\CohMetrix.cs:line 210

License key

Name: Ricardo Radaelli Meira

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) - Brasil

Secret key: 692 (secret) Build 4

Description of your research

I am researching applications of textual metrics in Brazilian Portuguese and I want to compare these metrics with those generated in texts written in English.

my research

the secret key: 699 (secret) Build 3
my research: It compares three different groups of researchers about their paper context complexity.

Download

12345

Request

Name: Rahman
Email: [email protected]
Institution: IUST
Secret key: 686 (secret) Build 3
Description of your research: Required on a thesis to analyze text coherence

a problem for registering co-metrix

When I open the installed software of co-metrix, it informs me the following information:
License is not valid.
Provide this in an github issue: 710 (secret) Build 3
The URL for the repository is: http://https://github.com/memphis-iis/cohmetrix-issues/issues/new
Please include your name, email, and institution in the issue.
The license key will be emailed to you.

Strange results

Maybe i'm not using the software correctly, but here's the issue. I was analyzing a small corpus of some (mainly expository) texts and noticed that, regardless of the text I input, the result that came back consistently reported "0" for the following categories: referential cohesion, LSA, situation model, lexical diversity, connectives, and most measures of syntactic complexity and word information. I was so puzzled that I then used Google BARD deliberately to create a 200 word expository text with many causal connectives, yet the analysis I obtained returned "0" for the categories identified above.
Am I doing something wrong in the text preparation phase? The docs that i'm asking the program to analyze are in plain txt format.

License Request

Name: Marcio Monteiro
Email: [email protected]
Institution: Technical University of Kaiserslautern-Landau
Secret Key: 687 (secret) Build 4
Description of research: metalearning

license key request

Name: Lei Liu

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Yanshan University

Secret key: 612 (secret) Build 3

Description of your research: Build automatic essay scoring system.

Error in saving data when using the web tool (by a macOS user)

The web tool returned the metrics normally:

But the downloaded CohMetrixOutput.txt is erroneous, as it missed all the reported digits (the Text column):

Number	Label	Label V2.x	Full description
1	DESPC	READNP	Paragraph count, number of paragraphs
2	DESSC	READNS	Sentence count, number of sentences
3	DESWC	READNW	Word count, number of words
4	DESPL	READAPL	Paragraph length, number of sentences in a paragraph, mean
5	DESPLd	n/a	Paragraph length, number of sentences in a pragraph, standard deviation
6	DESSL	READASL	Sentence length, number of words, mean
7	DESSLd	n/a	Sentence length, number of words, standard deviation
8	DESWLsy	READASW	Word length, number of syllables, mean
9	DESWLsyd	n/a	Word length, number of syllables, standard deviation
10	DESWLlt	n/a	Word length, number of letters, mean
11	DESWLltd	n/a	Word length, number of letters, standard deviation
12	PCNARz	n/a	Text Easability PC Narrativity, z score
13	PCNARp	n/a	Text Easability PC Narrativity, percentile
14	PCSYNz	n/a	Text Easability PC Syntactic simplicity, z score
15	PCSYNp	n/a	Text Easability PC Syntactic simplicity, percentile
16	PCCNCz	n/a	Text Easability PC Word concreteness, z score
17	PCCNCp	n/a	Text Easability PC Word concreteness, percentile
18	PCREFz	n/a	Text Easability PC Referential cohesion, z score
19	PCREFp	n/a	Text Easability PC Referential cohesion, percentile
20	PCDCz	n/a	Text Easability PC Deep cohesion, z score
21	PCDCp	n/a	Text Easability PC Deep cohesion, percentile
22	PCVERBz	n/a	Text Easability PC Verb cohesion, z score
23	PCVERBp	n/a	Text Easability PC Verb cohesion, percentile
24	PCCONNz	n/a	Text Easability PC Connectivity, z score
25	PCCONNp	n/a	Text Easability PC Connectivity, percentile
26	PCTEMPz	n/a	Text Easability PC Temporality, z score
27	PCTEMPp	n/a	Text Easability PC Temporality, percentile
28	CRFNO1	CRFBN1um	Noun overlap, adjacent sentences, binary, mean
29	CRFAO1	CRFBA1um	Argument overlap, adjacent sentences, binary, mean
30	CRFSO1	CRFBS1um	Stem overlap, adjacent sentences, binary, mean
31	CRFNOa	CRFBNaum	Noun overlap, all sentences, binary, mean
32	CRFAOa	CRFBAaum	Argument overlap, all sentences, binary, mean
33	CRFSOa	CRFBSaum	Stem overlap, all sentences, binary, mean
34	CRFCWO1	CRFPC1um	Content word overlap, adjacent sentences, proportional, mean
35	CRFCWO1d	n/a	Content word overlap, adjacent sentences, proportional, standard deviation
36	CRFCWOa	CRFPCaum	Content word overlap, all sentences, proportional, mean
37	CRFCWOad	n/a	Content word overlap, all sentences, proportional, standard deviation
38	LSASS1	LSAassa	LSA overlap, adjacent sentences, mean
39	LSASS1d	LSAassd	LSA overlap, adjacent sentences, standard deviation
40	LSASSp	LSApssa	LSA overlap, all sentences in paragraph, mean
41	LSASSpd	LSApssd	LSA overlap, all sentences in paragraph, standard deviation
42	LSAPP1	LSAppa	LSA overlap, adjacent paragraphs, mean
43	LSAPP1d	LSAppd	LSA overlap, adjacent paragraphs, standard deviation
44	LSAGN	LSAGN	LSA given/new, sentences, mean
45	LSAGNd	n/a	LSA given/new, sentences, standard deviation
46	LDTTRc	TYPTOKc	Lexical diversity, type-token ratio, content word lemmas
47	LDTTRa	n/a	Lexical diversity, type-token ratio, all words
48	LDMTLD	LEXDIVTD	Lexical diversity, MTLD, all words
49	LDVOCD	LEXDIVVD	Lexical diversity, VOCD, all words
50	CNCAll	CONi	All connectives incidence
51	CNCCaus	CONCAUSi	Causal connectives incidence
52	CNCLogic	CONLOGi	Logical connectives incidence
53	CNCADC	CONADVCONi	Adversative and contrastive connectives incidence
54	CNCTemp	CONTEMPi	Temporal connectives incidence
55	CNCTempx	CONTEMPEXi	Expanded temporal connectives incidence
56	CNCAdd	CONADDi	Additive connectives incidence
57	CNCPos	n/a	Positive connectives incidence
58	CNCNeg	n/a	Negative connectives incidence
59	SMCAUSv	CAUSV	Causal verb incidence
60	SMCAUSvp	CAUSVP	Causal verbs and causal particles incidence
61	SMINTEp	INTEi	Intentional verbs incidence
62	SMCAUSr	CAUSC	Ratio of casual particles to causal verbs
63	SMINTEr	INTEC	Ratio of intentional particles to intentional verbs
64	SMCAUSlsa	CAUSLSA	LSA verb overlap
65	SMCAUSwn	CAUSWN	WordNet verb overlap
66	SMTEMP	TEMPta	Temporal cohesion, tense and aspect repetition, mean
67	SYNLE	SYNLE	Left embeddedness, words before main verb, mean
68	SYNNP	SYNNP	Number of modifiers per noun phrase, mean
69	SYNMEDpos	MEDwtm	Minimal Edit Distance, part of speech
70	SYNMEDwrd	MEDawm	Minimal Edit Distance, all words
71	SYNMEDlem	MEDalm	Minimal Edit Distance, lemmas
72	SYNSTRUTa	STRUTa	Sentence syntax similarity, adjacent sentences, mean
73	SYNSTRUTt	STRUTt	Sentence syntax similarity, all combinations, across paragraphs, mean
74	DRNP	n/a	Noun phrase density, incidence
75	DRVP	n/a	Verb phrase density, incidence
76	DRAP	n/a	Adverbial phrase density, incidence
77	DRPP	n/a	Preposition phrase density, incidence
78	DRPVAL	AGLSPSVi	Agentless passive voice density, incidence
79	DRNEG	DENNEGi	Negation density, incidence
80	DRGERUND	GERUNDi	Gerund density, incidence
81	DRINF	INFi	Infinitive density, incidence
82	WRDNOUN	NOUNi	Noun incidence
83	WRDVERB	VERBi	Verb incidence
84	WRDADJ	ADJi	Adjective incidence
85	WRDADV	ADVi	Adverb incidence
86	WRDPRO	DENPRPi	Pronoun incidence
87	WRDPRP1s	n/a	First person singular pronoun incidence
88	WRDPRP1p	n/a	First person plural pronoun incidence
89	WRDPRP2	PRO2i	Second person pronoun incidence
90	WRDPRP3s	n/a	Third person singular pronoun incidence
91	WRDPRP3p	n/a	Third person plural pronoun incidence
92	WRDFRQc	FRCLacwm	CELEX word frequency for content words, mean
93	WRDFRQa	FRCLaewm	CELEX Log frequency for all words, mean
94	WRDFRQmc	FRCLmcsm	CELEX Log minimum frequency for content words, mean
95	WRDAOAc	WRDAacwm	Age of acquisition for content words, mean
96	WRDFAMc	WRDFacwm	Familiarity for content words, mean
97	WRDCNCc	WRDCacwm	Concreteness for content words, mean
98	WRDIMGc	WRDIacwm	Imagability for content words, mean
99	WRDMEAc	WRDMacwm	Meaningfulness, Colorado norms, content words, mean
100	WRDPOLc	POLm	Polysemy for content words, mean
101	WRDHYPn	HYNOUNaw	Hypernymy for nouns, mean
102	WRDHYPv	HYVERBaw	Hypernymy for verbs, mean
103	WRDHYPnv	HYPm	Hypernymy for nouns and verbs, mean
104	RDFRE	READFRE	Flesch Reading Ease
105	RDFKGL	READFKGL	Flesch-Kincaid Grade level
106	RDL2	L2	Coh-Metrix L2 Readability

license key request

Issue Example:

Name: Xuechun Yang

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Southwest University of Foreign Languages

Key: 26339123

Description of Your Research: In order to test whether the teaching mode of "reading to promote writing" based on discourse analysis has an impact on the use of cohesive devices in students' continuous writing, I need to use Coh-Mertix 3.0 to analyze the contents of pre-test, mid-test and post-test essays and measure cohesive devices in texts

Coh-Metrix License Request

Name: Ye Xiaoyang

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Secret key: 704

Description of your research: Research of Writing Style

Registration

Name: Jintao Leng
Email: [email protected]
Institution: Chongqing University, China
Secret key: 650 (secret) Build 3

Description of your research: Make a comparative study on text features in ESL filed.

license key

Name: Olivia Chu
Email: [email protected]
Institution: Harbin Normal University
Secret Key: 699 (secret) Build 4
Description of your research: analyzing students' compositions

licensing

Name: Lorenzo Gasbarri
Email:[email protected]
Institution: Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
Secret Key: 686 (secret) Build 4
Description of research: text-analysis of case law, international dispute settlement

License

Hello, I'd like to have a license of the software.

Name: Wesley da Silva Santos
e-mail: [email protected]
Institution: Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
Secret key: 738
Research goal: I'd like to extract some metrics of text generated by Generative AI. The goal is to explore prompt engineering for some process description problems.

怎么使用

The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mother's Day. How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed. They planned to make French toast and chicken porridge.

How to download

56789

Licensing

Name: Marcio Monteiro
Email: [email protected]
Institution: Technical University of Kaiserslautern-Landau
Secret Key: 687 (secret) Build3
Description of research: metalearning

Request for Access to Academic Resources for ISEC Accounting and Finance English Writing Research

Issue Example:

Name: Chuwei Sun

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Hebei University of Economics and Business

Key: 632 (136789) Build 4

Description of Your Research: I am currently engaged in research on academic English writing in ISEC accounting and finance disciplines at Hebei University of Economics and Business. My research focuses on exploring effective ways to integrate accounting and financial expertise into English writing instruction, aiming to enhance students' linguistic capabilities and professional understanding in these fields. Additionally, I am investigating how English writing training can improve students' critical thinking and analytical skills. I believe that through this research, I can contribute to English education in the fields of accounting and finance and help students better prepare for their future careers.

License request：713 (secret) Build 3

Name: Guishuai Feng
Email: [email protected]
Institution: Southwest Jiaotong University

registration

Name: Yuanyuan Li

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Southwest University, China

Secret key: 698 (secret) Build 3

Description of your research: implementing coh-metrix to analyze cohesion in texts.

Ashon Song applying for the access to Cohmetrix

Name: Ashon Song

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Beijing Foregn Stuides University

Secret key: 686 (secret) Build 4

Description of your research: a comparative study of the translation texts by different agents.

Asking about License Key

Name: Muhammad Ilham Wahyu Saputro

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Sebelas Maret University

Secret key:

Description of your research: Analysis of Readability Level of Reading Texts on English Textbook

Comprehension and Memory

Name: Chaimae Harrag

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Notre Dame University

Secret key: 670 (secret) Build 3

Description of your research: I am currently developing an instrument to test reading comprehension and need a tool to assess the readability of texts.

license key request

Name: Ivy Wang

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Michigan State University

Secret key: 703

Description of your research: Analyze student data for my upcoming dissertation

license request

Name: Ivy Wang
Email: [email protected]
Institution: Michigan State University
Secret Key: 666 (secret) Build 4
Description of your research: analyzing student's writing responses and predict scores

Request to get registered

Hi. It would be nice if you send me the license key. Below are the information that you asked. Thank you.

Name: Nayeon Kim

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Kyunghee University

Secret key: 719 (secret) Build 4

Description of your research: I want to analyze high school students' utterances. So I made some transcripts from the audio that students recorded, and I'm trying to analyze those transcripts.

CohMetrix License

Name: Laurenz Bogen

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Leipzig University

Secret key: 703

Description of your research: Assisting in Research of Measuring Text Difficulty

license key

Hello, my name is Hang Li. My e-mail address is [email protected]. I am currently working at Zhejiang University, P. R. China. I am trying to use Cohmetrix, and was told to provide the information above in order to get the license key.

Hang Li

689 (secret) Build 3

Name: Anna Lejpras
e-mail: [email protected]
Institution: BSP Business and Law School (www.businessschool-berlin.de)

Description of the research: We aim to analyse business reports of companies and their market value.

license key request

Issue Example:

Name: Xuechun Yang

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Southwest University of Foreign Languages

Key: 679 (secret) Build 4

Description of Your Research: In order to test whether the teaching mode of "reading to promote writing" based on discourse analysis has an impact on the use of cohesive devices in students' continuous writing, I need to use Coh-Mertix 3.0 to analyze the contents of pre-test, mid-test and post-test essays and measure cohesive devices in texts

Coh-Metrix License

Name: Daniel Espinas

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: Vanderbilt University

Secret key: 690 (secret) Build 4

Description of your research: Reading comprehension

Desktop non-GTK for Windows not starting

I installed the non-GTK Desktop version for Windows and entered the license key, but the program doesn't start.

License

Name: Shirley Xu

Insitution: China University of Mining and Technology

Email address: [email protected]

Secret key: 675 (secret) Build 3

Description of your research: We want to use coh-metrix to analyze the cohesion and coherence of student translations we've collected for researching on their translation quality.

license key request

Name: Ma Linling

Email: [email protected]

Insitution: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Secret key: 615 (secret) Build 4

Description of your research: Writing Style

license key request

Name: Manuel Rodríguez
Email: [email protected]
Insitution: Universitat Jaume I (Spain)
Secret key: 646 (secret) Build 4
Description of your research: the analysis of written output by English as a foreign language students.

Coh-Metrix license

Name: Bianca Prandi

Institution: University of Innsbruck

Secret key: 651 (secret) Build 3

Description of your research: analysis of computer-assisted simultaneous interpreting (readability of texts)

license key request

Name: Iv Min

Email: [email protected]

Institution: University of Shanghai for Science and Technology

Secret key: 710

Description of your research: Analyze lexcial complexity of academic papers

Understanding writing styles of scientific papers in the IS-LS domain: Evidence from abstracts over the past three decades

2. Literature review
   2.1. Academic writing styles
   A scientific paper is a kind of text of a particular genre with a relatively unique academic writing style. Researchers have inves�tigated these styles for decades and pointed out that academic writing is more structurally elaborated (with longer sentences, longer
   T-units, and greater use of subordinate clauses) (Brown & Yule, 1983; Chafe, 1982; Kroll, 1977) and explicit (Biber & Gray, 2010).
   Considering scientific papers are the manifestation of communication among researchers without a shared situational context, the
   writing styles were claimed to be decontextualized and autonomous, and the logical relations should be overtly encoded (DeVito, 1966;
   Johns, 1997; Kay, 1977).
   However, Bennett (2009) also noted that one of the most critical concerns for academic writing style is “economy or conciseness,”
   which could lead to another explanation. Biber and Gray (2010) conducted a long-term study based on a large-scale corpus and
   pointed out that academic writing styles were becoming more implicit and forming into a more “compressed and nominalized” style.
   Biber and Gray (2010) further explained that with the deepening of the research and the increase in the amount of information in
   the paper, a more concise writing method was needed to transmit innovative knowledge more efficiently. This method could assist
   researchers with specific background knowledge in quickly obtaining a large amount of information.
   Meanwhile, the factors that contributed to the development of academic writing styles could be diverse, including the rise of
   experimental research, the development of numerous sub-disciplines, the change in technology, and the association with the “infor�mation explosion” (Atkinson, 1999; Gross, Harmon & Reidy, 2002). From these perspectives, understanding the writing styles of a
   research domain proposed a path to illustrate the changing of discipline construction, the variations of subfields, journal preference,
   and scientific impact.
   2.2. Writing styles with computational linguistics of scientific papers
   Scientific papers manifest scientific knowledge with specific rhetorical structures and writing styles (Lu et al., 2019b; Snow, 2010).
   Research paradigms, fields, and methods may influence particular ways of writing, whereas writing styles might influence their
   scientific impact. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of scientific writing is essential. Table 1 summarizes previous empirical studies
   on research articles and the linguistic features used.
   Studies aimed at revealing the writing styles of research articles have mainly used multidimensional analysis. Linguistic features
   include both lexical and syntactic features. For lexical indicators, vocabulary-based discourse units (Biber et al., 2002), emphasizers
   (Diani, 2008), and pronouns (Harwood, 2005; Hyland, 2001a) were used. For syntactic indicators, complexity was calculated using

license key request

Name: Seunghyun Park

Email: [email protected]

Institution: Korea University

Secret key: 680

Description of your research: linguistic analysis of language tests