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✂A collection of useful .htaccess snippets.

License: Other

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htaccess's Introduction

.htaccess Snippets Awesome

A collection of useful .htaccess snippets, all in one place.

NOTE: .htaccess files are for people that do not have rights to edit the main server configuration file. They are intrinsically slower and more complicated than using the main config. Please see the howto in the httpd documentation for further details.

Disclaimer: While dropping the snippet into an .htaccess file is most of the time sufficient, there are cases when certain modifications might be required. Use at your own risk.

IMPORTANT: Apache 2.4 introduces a few breaking changes, most notably in access control configuration. For more information, check the upgrading document as well as this issue.

Credits

What we are doing here is mostly collecting useful snippets from all over the interwebs (for example, a good chunk is from Apache Server Configs) into one place. While we’ve been trying to credit where due, things might be missing. If you believe anything here is your work and credits should be given, let us know, or just send a PR.

Table of Contents

Rewrite and Redirection

Note: It is assumed that you have mod_rewrite installed and enabled.

Force www

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.com [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]

Force www in a Generic Way

RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|
RewriteRule ^ http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

This works for any domain. Source

Force non-www

It’s still open for debate whether www or non-www is the way to go, so if you happen to be a fan of bare domains, here you go:

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.com [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]

Force non-www in a Generic Way

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.
RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|off
RewriteCond http%1://%{HTTP_HOST} ^(https?://)(www\.)?(.+)$
RewriteRule ^ %1%3%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

Force HTTPS

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !on
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}

# Note: It’s also recommended to enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
# on your HTTPS website to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.
# See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/HTTP_strict_transport_security
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
    # Remove "includeSubDomains" if you don't want to enforce HSTS on all subdomains
    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000;includeSubDomains"
</IfModule>

Force HTTPS Behind a Proxy

Useful if you have a proxy in front of your server performing TLS termination.

RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !https
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}

Force Trailing Slash

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /+[^\.]+$
RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ %{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L]

Remove Trailing Slash

This snippet will redirect paths ending in slashes to their non-slash-terminated counterparts (except for actual directories), e.g. http://www.example.com/blog/ to http://www.example.com/blog. This is important for SEO, since it’s recommended to have a canonical URL for every page.

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} (.+)/$
RewriteRule ^ %1 [R=301,L]

Source

Redirect a Single Page

Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html
Redirect 301 /oldpage2.html http://www.example.com/folder/

Source

Redirect Using RedirectMatch

RedirectMatch 301 /subdirectory(.*) http://www.newsite.com/newfolder/$1
RedirectMatch 301 ^/(.*).htm$ /$1.html
RedirectMatch 301 ^/200([0-9])/([^01])(.*)$ /$2$3
RedirectMatch 301 ^/category/(.*)$ /$1
RedirectMatch 301 ^/(.*)/htaccesselite-ultimate-htaccess-article.html(.*) /htaccess/htaccess.html
RedirectMatch 301 ^/(.*).html/1/(.*) /$1.html$2
RedirectMatch 301 ^/manual/(.*)$ http://www.php.net/manual/$1
RedirectMatch 301 ^/dreamweaver/(.*)$ /tools/$1
RedirectMatch 301 ^/z/(.*)$ http://static.askapache.com/$1

Source

Alias a Single Directory

RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^source-directory/(.*) /target-directory/$1 [R=301,L]

Alias Paths to Script

FallbackResource /index.fcgi

This example has an index.fcgi file in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent to the index.fcgi script. It’s good if you want baz.foo/some/cool/path to be handled by baz.foo/index.fcgi (which also supports requests to baz.foo) while maintaining baz.foo/css/style.css and the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^$ index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]

This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because using mod_rewrite is more complex than just handling the FallbackResource directive), but it’s also more flexible.

Redirect an Entire Site

Redirect 301 / http://newsite.com/

This way does it with links intact. That is www.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.html will become www.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html. This is extremely helpful when you are just “moving” a site to a new domain. Source

Alias “Clean” URLs

This snippet lets you use “clean” URLs -- those without a PHP extension, e.g. example.com/users instead of example.com/users.php.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^([^.]+)$ $1.php [NC,L]

Source

Exclude URL from Redirection

This snippet allows you to exclude a URL from redirection. For example, if you have redirection rules setup but want to exclude robots.txt so search engines can access that URL as expected.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^robots.txt - [L]

Security

Deny All Access

## Apache 2.2
Deny from all

## Apache 2.4
# Require all denied

But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing...

Deny All Access Except Yours

## Apache 2.2
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

## Apache 2.4
# Require all denied
# Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with 0/12 for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. Source

Now of course there's a reversed version:

Allow All Access Except Spammers'

## Apache 2.2
Order deny,allow
Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy

## Apache 2.4
# Require all granted
# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy

Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories

Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot .) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: .htaccess, .htpasswd, .git, .hg...

RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]

Alternatively, you can just raise a “Not Found” error, giving the attacker no clue:

RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$

Deny Access to Backup and Source Files

These files may be left by some text/HTML editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.

<FilesMatch "(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$">
    ## Apache 2.2
    Order allow,deny
    Deny from all
    Satisfy All

    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all denied
</FilesMatch>

Source

Disable Directory Browsing

Options All -Indexes

Disable Image Hotlinking

RewriteEngine on
# Remove the following line if you want to block blank referrer too
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$

RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^https?://(.+\.)?example.com [NC]
RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]

# If you want to display a “blocked” banner in place of the hotlinked image,
# replace the above rule with:
# RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

Disable Image Hotlinking for Specific Domains

Sometimes you want to disable image hotlinking from some bad guys only.

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^https?://(.+\.)?badsite\.com [NC,OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^https?://(.+\.)?badsite2\.com [NC,OR]
RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]

# If you want to display a “blocked” banner in place of the hotlinked image,
# replace the above rule with:
# RewriteRule \.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

Password Protect a Directory

First you need to create a .htpasswd file somewhere in the system:

htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir

Then you can use it for authentication:

AuthType Basic
AuthName "One does not simply"
AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
Require valid-user

Password Protect a File or Several Files

AuthName "One still does not simply"
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd

<Files "one-ring.o">
Require valid-user
</Files>

<FilesMatch ^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>
Require valid-user
</FilesMatch>

Block Visitors by Referrer

This denies access for all users who are coming from (referred by) a specific domain. Source

RewriteEngine on
# Options +FollowSymlinks
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} somedomain\.com [NC,OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} anotherdomain\.com
RewriteRule .* - [F]

Prevent Framing the Site

This prevents the website to be framed (i.e. put into an iframe tag), when still allows framing for a specific URI.

SetEnvIf Request_URI "/starry-night" allow_framing=true
Header set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN env=!allow_framing

Performance

Compress Text Files

<IfModule mod_deflate.c>

    # Force compression for mangled headers.
    # https://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/pushing-beyond-gzipping-25601.html
    <IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
        <IfModule mod_headers.c>
            SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
            RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
        </IfModule>
    </IfModule>

    # Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types
    # (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable `mod_filter`
    #  and can remove the `<IfModule mod_filter.c>` and `</IfModule>` lines
    #  as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives).
    <IfModule mod_filter.c>
        AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom+xml \
                                      application/javascript \
                                      application/json \
                                      application/rss+xml \
                                      application/vnd.ms-fontobject \
                                      application/x-font-ttf \
                                      application/x-web-app-manifest+json \
                                      application/xhtml+xml \
                                      application/xml \
                                      font/opentype \
                                      image/svg+xml \
                                      image/x-icon \
                                      text/css \
                                      text/html \
                                      text/plain \
                                      text/x-component \
                                      text/xml
    </IfModule>

</IfModule>

Source

Set Expires Headers

Expires headers tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content's expires headers to something far in the future.

If you don’t control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. Source

<IfModule mod_expires.c>
    ExpiresActive on
    ExpiresDefault                                      "access plus 1 month"

  # CSS
    ExpiresByType text/css                              "access plus 1 year"

  # Data interchange
    ExpiresByType application/json                      "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/xml                       "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType text/xml                              "access plus 0 seconds"

  # Favicon (cannot be renamed!)
    ExpiresByType image/x-icon                          "access plus 1 week"

  # HTML components (HTCs)
    ExpiresByType text/x-component                      "access plus 1 month"

  # HTML
    ExpiresByType text/html                             "access plus 0 seconds"

  # JavaScript
    ExpiresByType application/javascript                "access plus 1 year"

  # Manifest files
    ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json   "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest                   "access plus 0 seconds"

  # Media
    ExpiresByType audio/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/gif                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/jpeg                            "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/png                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType video/mp4                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType video/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType video/webm                            "access plus 1 month"

  # Web feeds
    ExpiresByType application/atom+xml                  "access plus 1 hour"
    ExpiresByType application/rss+xml                   "access plus 1 hour"

  # Web fonts
    ExpiresByType application/font-woff2                "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType application/font-woff                 "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject         "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf                "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType font/opentype                         "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType image/svg+xml                         "access plus 1 month"
</IfModule>

Turn eTags Off

By removing the ETag header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your Cache-Control and Expires header. Source

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
    Header unset ETag
</IfModule>
FileETag None

Miscellaneous

Set PHP Variables

php_value <key> <val>

# For example:
php_value upload_max_filesize 50M
php_value max_execution_time 240

Custom Error Pages

ErrorDocument 500 "Houston, we have a problem."
ErrorDocument 401 http://error.example.com/mordor.html
ErrorDocument 404 /errors/halflife3.html

Force Downloading

Sometimes you want to force the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.

<Files *.md>
    ForceType application/octet-stream
    Header set Content-Disposition attachment
</Files>

Now there is a yang to this yin:

Prevent Downloading

Sometimes you want to force the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.

<FilesMatch "\.(tex|log|aux)$">
    Header set Content-Type text/plain
</FilesMatch>

Allow Cross-Domain Fonts

CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to CORS. This snippet solves the problem.

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
    <FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff|woff2)$">
        Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
    </FilesMatch>
</IfModule>

Source

Auto UTF-8 Encode

Your text content should always be UTF-8 encoded, no?

# Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/html
AddDefaultCharset utf-8

# Force UTF-8 for a number of file formats
AddCharset utf-8 .atom .css .js .json .rss .vtt .xml

Source

Switch to Another PHP Version

If you’re on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.

AddHandler application/x-httpd-php56 .php

# Alternatively, you can use AddType
AddType application/x-httpd-php56 .php

Disable Internet Explorer Compatibility View

Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet should force IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
    BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie
    Header set X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie
</IfModule>

Serve WebP Images

If WebP images are supported and an image with a .webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} image/webp
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1.webp -f
RewriteRule (.+)\.(jpe?g|png)$ $1.webp [T=image/webp,E=accept:1]

Source

htaccess's People

Contributors

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htaccess's Issues

Serve WebP Images works?

Can anyone confirm that the 'Serve WebP Images' snippet actually works? Tested it out in Chrome with some WebP images in same directory as JPEGS and with identical names (apart from file extension obviously) and Chrome never uses the WebP replacement for me.

GZIP Compression for CSS Class names?

Is it possible to minify the class names inside CSS, HTML and JavaScript ? Like what we see in google.

like : .ga, .cb etc..

I'm not sure is that possible via .htaccess, but would be a great addition.

Recommendation to remove www is questionable

I disagree with the line

It's actually recommended to remove www from your domain. Surprise surprise!

at https://github.com/phanan/htaccess#force-non-www

While one might choose to omit the www from a branding perspective, from a technical perspective it is generally preferable to redirect to the www version of the site.

Related Articles

Overall, this is a great resource. Thanks.

TimeZone

php_value date.timezone 'Region/Zone'

cult host liberation

Please consider adding some snippets for those not in the cult of www, but who would prefer to display domain uncluttered in URI.

Plainly I am not advocating contrawwwism.

[contratheism]

There is room for http://no-www.org and cultists alike. Evidently there is more space for the former as it consumes fewer bits.

Resources Related

Allow All Access Except Spammers' not working as expected

The 'Allow All Access Except Spammers' snippet didn't work as I expected: the Deny settings were ignored; eveyone was allowed access.

Having read the documentation I think the explicit Allow from all line overrides the denials and should be removed.

Validate pull requests with Travis

Hello, I wrote a tool that can validate README links (valid URLs, not duplicate). It can be run when someone submits a pull request.

It is currently being used by

Examples

If you are interested, connect this repo to https://travis-ci.org/ and add a .travis.yml file to the project.

See https://github.com/dkhamsing/awesome_bot for options, more information
Feel free to leave a comment 😄

Apache 2.4

There were actually some breaking changes in the .htaccess syntax if you upgrade apache from 2.2 to 2.4. Check this page for a full list.

The most commonly problem is with the access control:
From:

Order deny,allow
Deny from all

To

Require all denied

Deny Access to Hidden Files and Directories should handle .well-known

https://github.com/phanan/htaccess#deny-access-to-hidden-files-and-directories

Instead of:

RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$

your example could be:

RedirectMatch 404 /\.(?!well-known\/)

Useful for:

A proposed standard which allows websites to define security policies.
https://securitytxt.org/

Private prefetch proxy in Chrome
https://developer.chrome.com/blog/private-prefetch-proxy/#traffic

Other uses:
https://www.iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/well-known-uris.xhtml

Force www except for subdomains

I found this rule here - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20631015/force-www-in-htaccess-except-all-subdomains

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^[0-9a-zA-Z-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [R=301,L]

I get a double slash at the end of the url if i type in an address like server.lan/

So I changed it a bit to look like this:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^[0-9a-zA-Z-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

I don't know if it's good though. I made a quick test and it looks ok.

Translate to portuguese Brazil

Hi Phanan,

Can i make translate to portuguese Brazil ? Because very important for everyone, so going help many folks.

How to redirect multiple parameter of query string using htaccess

I have the following 2 links, Please some one help me

I want to redirect this page http://www.mywebsite.co.uk/category-of-mobile/any-words/?id=smob_qs&fromDate=&parts=

to another page http://www.mywebsite.co.uk/category-of-mobile/any-words/smob_qs

Note:

  • smob_qs key is the value of the first query string
  • For category-of-mobile keyword is fixed
  • For any-words keyword is dynamic [only characters letters a-z or A-Z]
  • For query string must removed second and third parameter
  • Must keep the first query string but only value. Example like "smob_qs"

So i need http://www.mywebsite.co.uk/category-of-mobile/any-words/smob_qs Url

Please help me using htaccess

Order deny,allow

First off, awesome snippet collection! Very useful.

One thing I want to note however is having a space between deny,allow or allow,deny will throw back a server error. The space in between those (deny, allow) should be removed (deny,allow).

Thanks.

Please be a good citizen of the Open Source community

@phanan Quite a lot of the things from this repository are basically taken from an older version of the .htaccess file provided by the Apache Server Configs project. So, I think it would be nice of you to make that obvious and give credit where credit is due (e.g.: there is no link to the Apache Server Configs project, and also some of the "Source" links don't even work, or point to a different project such as HTML5 Boilerplate, that is just another project that uses the Apache server configs).

Also, keep in mind that while you are free to copy and use the code, by not giving credit to the people that invested their free time to do the research to create the code, you make them less willing to do so in the future.

Apache 2.2 compatible access control

Where you have

Order Allow,Deny
Deny from whatever

This is a bit redundant , since the default is Deny in this case if no Allow rule is matched - source

Is this by design , just to be thorough ?

Remove the includeSubDomains from Strict-Transport-Security

The optional includeSubDomains flag will enforce HTTPS on all subdomains. Any subdomain that will not have HTTPS will be blocked by the browser. Clearing the "cache" for HSTS is very complicated. As the max-age is set to one year, this can have a massive negative effect, if you, for whatever reason, need to have a subdomain on any server without HTTPS.

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