This issue is task given to the COSS LEAP2.0 Students only.

• Create A Program which accepts two Integers.
• After accepting the Integers the program will ask which operation need to be performed.
• As per the given operation the program provides the Output.

Kindly Provide your answers below in comments.

To implement stochastic gradient descent to optimize a linear regression algorithm on Boston House Prices dataset which is already exists in sklearn as a sklearn.linear_model.SGDRegressor.here,SGD algorithm is defined manually and then comapring the both results.Linear regression is technique to predict on real values.

stochastic gradient descent technique , evaluates and updates the coefficients every iteration to minimize the error of a model on training data.

Objective:

To Implement stochastic gradient descent on Bostan House Prices dataset for linear Regression

• Implement SGD and deploy on Bostan House Prices dataset.
• Comapare the Results with sklearn.linear_model.SGDRegressor
• Compare the results when Learning rate is constant

Flow control of the program

• using IF, ELSE & ElIF statements.
• Iteration using For & while loops.
• combination of else statement with loops.

Post project creation challenges

Virtualization
is the process of running a virtual instance of a computer system in a layer abstracted from the actual hardware. Most commonly, it refers to running multiple operating systems on a computer system simultaneously. To the applications running on top of the virtualized machine, it can appear as if they are on their own dedicated machine, where the operating system, libraries, and other programs are unique to the guest virtualized system and unconnected to the host operating system which sits below it.
we have discussed in a elaborated way today on our session.

What is a virtual machine?

A virtual machine is the emulated equivalent of a computer system that runs on top of another system. Virtual machines may have access to any number of resources: computing power, through hardware-assisted but limited access to the host machine's CPU and memory; one or more physical or virtual disk devices for storage; a virtual or real network inferface; as well as any devices such as video cards, USB devices, or other hardware that are shared with the virtual machine. If the virtual machine is stored on a virtual disk, this is often referred to as a disk image. A disk image may contain the files for a virtual machine to boot, or, it can contain any other specific storage needs.

What is the difference between a container and a virtual machine?

You may have heard of Linux containers, which are conceptually similar to virtual machines, but function somewhat differently. While both containers and virtual machines allow for running applications in an isolated environment, allowing you to stack many onto the same machine as if they are separate computers, containers are not full, independent machines. A container is actually just an isolated process that shared the same Linux kernel as the host operating system, as well as the libraries and other files needed for the execution of the program running inside of the container, often with a network interface such that the container can be exposed to the world in the same way as a virtual machine. Typically, containers are designed to run a single program, as opposed to emulating a full multi-purpose server.

Real world Problems for revenue forcasting:

Many entrepreneurs complain that building forecasts with any degree of accuracy takes a lot of time--time that could be spent selling rather than planning. But few investors will put money in your business if you're unable to provide a set of thoughtful forecasts.More important, proper financial forecasts will help you develop operational and staffing plans that will help make your business a success.

Introduction:

Company fetches the financial data from various clients as individual excel sheets. These sheet are then clubbed as zip file in empirical model sheet . Financial Company calculates regression model using stastical way.BUt we can solve this problem using machine learning.

Objective:

The objective is to forecast sales of revenues from empirical sheet based on past sales.
CRY.xlsx

Create a GUI window.

• Create a GUI window which accepts the data (Name & DOB ) from the user.
• *After clicking the submit. (New Label ) will be added with the the String (Hi User , your age is age).

Note Markdown practice will be accepted.

WHAT IS LINUX?
OBJECTIVES
WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN ABOUT LINUX?
WHAT MAKES LINUX GREAT?
WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE?
TYPES OF OPEN SOURCE LICENSES
WHO DEVELOPS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE?
WHO IS RED HAT?
WHAT IS A LINUX DISTRIBUTION?
RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX
Development of Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Difference between centos and RHEL
Daily QUIZ[kahoot]

WHAT IS LINUX?

OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you should be able to define and explain the purpose of Linux, open-source, Linux distributions, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN ABOUT LINUX?
Linux is a critical technology for IT professionals to understand.
Linux is in widespread use, and if you use the internet at all, you are probably already interacting with Linux systems in your daily life. Perhaps the most obvious way in which you interact with Linux systems are through browsing the World Wide Web and using e-commerce sites to buy and sell products.

However, Linux is in use for much more than that. Linux manages point-of-sale systems and the world's stock markets, and also powers smart TVs and in-flight entertainment systems. It powers most of the top 500 supercomputers in the world. Linux provides the foundational technologies powering the cloud revolution and the tools used to build the next generation of container-based microservices applications, software-based storage technologies, and big data solutions.

In the modern data center, Linux and Microsoft Windows are the major players, and Linux is a growing segment in that space. Some of the many reasons to learn Linux include:

A Windows user needs to interoperate with Linux.

In application development, Linux hosts the application or its runtime.

In cloud computing, the cloud instances in the private or public cloud environment use Linux as the operating system.

With mobile applications or the Internet of Things (IoT), the chances are high that the operating system of your device uses Linux.

If you are looking for new opportunities in IT, Linux skills are in high demand.WHAT MAKES LINUX GREAT?
There are many different answers to the question "What makes Linux great?", however, three of them are:

Linux is open-source software.

Being open-source does not just mean that you can see how the system works. You can also experiment with changes and share them freely for others to use. The open-source model means that improvements are easier to make, enabling faster innovation.

Linux provides easy access to a powerful and scriptable command-line interface (CLI).

Linux was built around the basic design philosophy that users can perform all administration tasks from the CLI. It enables easier automation, deployment, and provisioning, and simplifies both local and remote system administration. Unlike other operating systems, these capabilities have been built in from the beginning, and the assumption has always been to enable these important capabilities.

Linux is a modular operating system that allows you to easily replace or remove components.

Components of the system can be upgraded and updated as needed. A Linux system can be a general-purpose development workstation or an extremely stripped-down software appliance.

WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE?Open-source software is software with source code that anyone can use, study, modify, and share.

Source code is the set of human-readable instructions that are used to make a program. It may be interpreted as a script or compiled into a binary executable which the computer runs directly. Upon creating source code, it gets copyrighted, and the copyright holder controls the terms under which the software can be copied, adapted, and distributed. Users can use this software under a software license.

Some software has source code that only the person, team, or organization that created it can see, or change, or distribute. This software is sometimes called "proprietary" or "closed source" software. Typically the license only allows the end-user to run the program, and provides no access, or tightly limited access, to the source.

Open-source software is different. When the copyright holder provides software under an open-source license, they grant the user the right to run the program and also to view, modify, compile, and redistribute the source royalty-free to others.

Open source promotes collaboration, sharing, transparency, and rapid innovation because it encourages people beyond the original developers to make modifications and improvements to the software and share it with others.

Just because the software is open source does not mean it is somehow not able to be used or provided commercially. Open source is a critical part of many organizations' commercial operations. Some open-source licenses allow code to be reused in closed source products. One can sell open-source code, but the terms of true open-source licenses generally allow the customer to redistribute the source code. Most commonly, vendors such as Red Hat provide commercial help with deploying, supporting, and extending solutions based on open source products.

Open source has many benefits for the user:
• Control: See what the code does and change it to improve it.
• Training: Learn from real-world code and develop more useful applications.
• Security: Inspect sensitive code, fix with or without the original developers' help.
• Stability: Code can survive the loss of the original developer or distributor.

The bottom line is that open source allows the creation of better software with a higher return on investment by collaboration.

TYPES OF OPEN SOURCE LICENSES
There is more than one way to provide open-source software. The terms of the software license control how the source can be combined with other code or reused and hundreds of different open-source licenses exist. However, to be open source, licenses must allow users to freely use, view, change, compile, and distribute the code.

There are two broad classes of open source license that are particularly important:

Copyleft licenses are designed to encourage keeping code open source.

Permissive licenses are designed to maximize code reusability.

Copyleft, or "share-alike" licenses, requires that anyone who distributes the source code, with or without changes, must also pass along the freedom for others to also copy, change, and distribute the code. The basic advantage of these licenses is that they help to keep existing code, and improvements to that code, open and add to the amount of open-source code available. Common copyleft licenses include the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the Lesser GNU Public License (LGPL).

Permissive licenses are intended to maximize the reusability of source code. Users can use the source for any purpose as long as the copyright and license statements are preserved, including reusing that code under more restrictive or even proprietary licenses. This makes it very easy for this code to be reused but at the risk of encouraging proprietary-only enhancements. Several commonly used permissive open source licenses include the MIT/X11 license, the Simplified BSD license, and the Apache Software License 2.0.

WHO DEVELOPS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE?
It is a misconception to think that open source is developed solely by an "army of volunteers" or even an army of individuals plus Red Hat. Open source development today is overwhelmingly professional. Many developers are paid by their organizations to work with open source projects to construct and contribute the enhancements they and their customers need.

Volunteers and the academic community play a significant role and can make vital contributions, especially in new technology areas. The combination of formal and informal development provides a highly dynamic and productive environment.

WHO IS RED HAT?
Red Hat is the world's leading provider of open source software solutions, using a community-powered approach to reliable and high-performance cloud, Linux, middleware, storage, and virtualization technologies. Red Hat's mission is to be the catalyst in communities of customers, contributors, and partners creating better technology the open source way.

Red Hat's role is to help customers connect with the open-source community and their partners to effectively use open source software solutions. Red Hat actively participates in and supports the open-source community and many years of experience have convinced the company of the importance of open source to the future of the IT industry.

Red Hat is most well-known for its participation in the Linux community and the Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution. However, Red Hat is also very active in other open-source communities, including middleware projects, centered on the JBoss developer community, virtualization solutions, cloud technologies such as OpenStack and OpenShift, and the Ceph and Gluster software-based storage projects, among others.

WHAT IS A LINUX DISTRIBUTION?
A Linux distribution is an installable operating system constructed from a Linux kernel and supporting user programs and libraries. A complete Linux operating system is not developed by a single organization, but by a collection of independent open source development communities working with individual software components. A distribution provides an easy way for users to install and manage a working Linux system.

In 1991, a young computer science student named Linus Torvalds developed a Unix-like kernel he named Linux, licensed as open-source software under the GPL. The kernel is the core component of the operating system, which manages hardware, memory, and the scheduling of running programs. This Linux kernel could then be supplemented with other open-source software, such as utilities and programs from the GNU Project, the graphical interface from MIT's X Window System, and many other open-source components, such as the Sendmail mail server or the Apache HTTP web server, in order to build a complete open-source Unix-like operating system.

However, one of the challenges for Linux users was to assemble all these pieces from many different sources. Very early in its history, Linux developers began working to provide a distribution of prebuilt and tested tools that users could download and use to set up their Linux systems quickly.

Many different Linux distributions exist, with differing goals and criteria for selecting and supporting the software provided by their distribution. However, distributions generally have many common characteristics:

Distributions consist of a Linux kernel and supporting user space programs.

Distributions can be small and single-purpose or include thousands of open source programs.

Distributions must provide a means of installing and updating the distribution and its components.

The provider of the distribution must support that software, and ideally, be participating directly in the community developing that software.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux is Red Hat's commercialized Linux distribution.

RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX

Development of Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Red Hat develops and integrates open source software into RHEL through a multistage process.

Red Hat participates in supporting individual open source projects. It contributes code, developer time, resources, and other support, often collaborating with developers from other Linux distributions. It helps to improve the general quality of software for everyone.

Red Hat sponsors and integrates open source projects into a community-driven Linux distribution, Fedora. Fedora provides a free working environment that can serve as a development lab and proving ground for features that are incorporated into their commercialized products.

Red Hat stabilizes the software to ensure that it is ready for long term support and standardization, and integrates it into their enterprise-ready distribution, RHEL.Fedora
Fedora is a community project that produces and releases a complete, free, Linux-based operating system. Red Hat sponsors the community and works with community representatives to integrate the latest upstream software into a fast-moving and secure distribution. The Fedora project contributes everything back to the free and open-source world, and anyone can participate.

However, Fedora focuses on innovation and excellence, not long-term stability. New major updates happen every six months, and they can bring significant changes. Fedora only supports releases for about a year (two major updates), which makes it less suitable for enterprise use.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is Red Hat's enterprise-ready, commercially-supported Linux distribution. It is the leading platform for open source computing, not just a collection of mature
open source projects. RHEL is extensively tested, with a large supporting ecosystem of partners, hardware and software certifications, consulting services, training, and multiyear support and maintenance guarantees.

Red Hat bases its major releases of RHEL on Fedora. However, after that Red Hat can pick and choose which packages to include, make further enhancements (contributed back to the upstream
projects and Fedora), and make configuration decisions that serve the needs of customers. Red Hat helps vendors and customers engage with the open-source community, and to work with upstream development to develop solutions and fix issues.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses a subscription-based distribution model. Because this is open-source software, this is not a license fee. Instead, it pays for support, maintenance, updates, security patches, access to the Knowledgebase on the Red Hat Customer Portal (http://access.redhat.com/), certifications, and so on. The customer is paying for long-term support and expertise, commitment, and assistance when they need it.

When major updates become available, customers can move to them at their convenience without paying more. It simplifies the management of both the economic and practical aspects of system updates.

CentOS
CentOS is a community-driven Linux distribution derived from much of the open-source Red Hat Enterprise Linux codebase and other sources. It is free of charge, is easy to install, and is staffed and supported by an active user community of volunteers that operates independently of Red Hat.

- Understanding the level's of programming.

 High, Mid & Low

- Understanding how to take inputs & provide the outputs.

 print, input, raw_input

- Understanding Data types & Operators.

Data Types

            a) Numeric
            b) Boolean
            a) Compound

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Operators

            a) Arithmetic
            b) Relational / Comparison
            c) Logical 
            d) Bit-wise 
            e) Assignment
            f) Membership
            g) Identity

Create a program which returns a Fibonacci Series till the given number.

Eg :- 
    fib(x) : Gives the Fibonacci till x number.
```.
 

Create a GUI which adds the details in an Excel / CSV.

• Create a GUI window which accepts (Name, Contact, Email, DOB, Roll No, {Marks of Few Subjects})
• Submitted only correct data is filled.
• Once Submitted data should be added in an Excel / CSV.

Reference Link :- Link

This task is only for COSS Leap2.0 Students.

• Create a program which asks for buy or sell an element.
• If Buy is selected then Entered Element is added in the list.
• If Sell is selected then Entered Element is removed from the list.

Note: Your List should contain minimum 6 elements.

IMP : Markdown language practice is must.

Create a Program which provides the below given pattern.

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

- Understanding the level's of programming.

 High, Mid & Low

- Understanding how to take inputs & provide the outputs.

 print, input, raw_input

- Understanding Data types & Operators.

Data Types

            a) Numeric
            b) Boolean
            a) Compound

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Operators

            a) Arithmetic
            b) Relational / Comparison
            c) Logical 
            d) Bit-wise 
            e) Assignment
            f) Membership
            g) Identity

GUI - tkinter with sqlite3

• Create a GUI window which stores the output in a Sqlite3 Database.
• And when we click on the check button it should display the stored elements of the DB in another GUI window.