queeenhack / django-secretballot

🗳 django voting application that allows semi-anonymous voting

django-secretballot

Django voting application that allows voting without a logged in user.

Provides abstract base model for types that the user wishes to allow voting on as well as related utilities including generic views to ease the addition of 'anonymous' voting to a Django project.

Written by James Turk <[email protected]>

Source: https://github.com/jamesturk/django-secretballot/

Requirements

• django-secretballot 2.0 requires django >= 2.0 and Python >= 3.5
• django-secretballot 1.0 supports django >= 1.8 and Python >= 2.7

Usage

settings.py

• add secretballot to INSTALLED_APPS
• add a secretballot middleware to MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES (see middleware section for details)

migrations

• run ./manage.py migrate

Enabling voting for models

In order to attach the voting helpers to a particular model it is enough to call secretballot.enable_voting_on passing the model class.

It is recommended you call enable_voting on within apps.py:

class StoryAppConfig(AppConfig):

    def ready(self):
        story_model = apps.get_model("story_app", "Story")
        secretballot.enable_voting_on(story_model)

Using voting-enabled models

Once a model is 'voting-enabled' a number of special fields are available on all instances:

Fields

votes:

Manager to of all Vote objects related to the current model (typically doesn't need to be accessed directly) (can be renamed by passing votes_name parameter to enable_voting_on)

total_upvotes:

Total number of +1 votes (can be renamed by passing upvotes_name parameter to enable_voting_on)

total_downvotes:

Total number of -1 votes (can be renamed by passing downvotes_name parameter to enable_voting_on)

vote_total:

shortcut accessor for (total_upvotes-total_downvotes) (can be renamed by passing total_name parameter to enable_voting_on)

_secretballot_enabled

boolean indicating that secretballot is enabled (can be tested for with hasattr) (cannot be renamed, exists for a reliable check that secretballot is available even if all other fields were renamed)

Functions

add_vote:

function that takes a token and a vote (+1 or -1) and adds or updates the vote for said token (can be renamed by passing add_vote_name parameter to enable_voting_on)

remove_vote:

function that takes a token and removes the vote (if present) for said token (can be renamed by passing remove_vote_name parameter to enable_voting_on)

Manager

A special manager is added that enables the inclusion of total_upvotes and total_downvotes as well as some extra functionality.

This manager by default replaces the objects manager, but this can be altered by passing the manager_name parameter to enable_voting_on.

There is also an additional method on the Votable manager:

from_request(self, request):

When called on a votable object's queryset will add a user_vote attribute that is the vote cast by the current 'user' (actually the token assigned to the request)

For example:

def story_view(request, slug):
    story = Story.objects.from_request(request).get(pk=slug)
    # story has the following extra attributes
    # user_vote: -1, 0, or +1
    # total_upvotes: total number of +1 votes
    # total_downvotes: total number of -1 votes
    # vote_total: total_upvotes-total_downvotes
    # votes: related object manager to get specific votes (rarely needed)

tokens and SecretBallotMiddleware

Without user logins it is impossible to be certain that a user does not vote more than once, but there are several methods to limit abuses. secretballot takes a fairly hands-off approach to this problem, the Vote object has a token field that is used to store a uniquely identifying token generated from a request. To limit how many votes come from a particular ip address it is sufficient to set the token to the IP address, but it is also possible to develop more sophisticated heuristics to limit voters.

secretballot uses a simple piece of middleware to do this task, and makes it trival for users to define their own middleware that will use whatever heuristic they desire.

SecretBallotMiddleware is an abstract class that defines a generate_token(request) method that should return a string to be used for the token.

For convenience several middleware have already been defined:

SecretBallotIpMiddleware:

simply sets the token to request.META['REMOTE_ADDR'] -- the user's IP address

SecretBallotIpUseragentMiddleware:

sets the token to a hash of the user's ip address and user agent -- hopefully slightly more unique than IP alone

If you wish to define your own middleware simply derive a class from SecretBallotMiddleware and implement the generate_token method. If you come up with something that may be useful for others contributions are always welcome.

Generic Views

secretballot.views includes the following generic views:

vote(request, content_type, object_id, vote, 
     redirect_url=None, template_name=None, template_loader=loader, 
     extra_context=None, context_processors=None, mimetype=None)

This view creates or alters a vote on the object of content_type with a primary key of object_id. If a vote already exists it will be replaced (unless vote is 0 in which case it will be deleted).

The token attribute of the vote that is used to prevent unlimited voting is set within this view based on the active SecretBallotMiddleware.

Depending on the parameters given the return value of this view varies:

1. if redirect_url is specified it will be used no matter what
2. if template_name is specified it will be used (along with template_loader, context_processors, etc.)
3. without redirect_url or template_name a text/json response will be returned

content_type:

Class that voting is taking place on (a VotableModel-derived model) May be an instance of django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType, the Model class itself, or an "app.modelname" string.

object_id:

primary key of object to vote on

vote:

value of this vote (+1, 0, or -1) (0 deletes the vote)

can_vote_test:

(optional) function that allows limiting if user can vote or not (see can_vote_test)

redirect_url:

(optional) url to redirect to, if present will redirect instead of returning a normal HttpResponse

template_name:

(optional) template to render to, recieves a context containing content_obj which is the object voted upon

template_loader:

(optional) template loader to use, defaults to django.template.loader

extra_context:

(optional) dictionary containing any extra context, callables will be called at render time

context_processors:

(optional) list of context processors for this view

mimetype:

(optional) mimetype override

can_vote_test

can_vote_test is an optional argument to the view that can be specified in the urlconf that is called before a vote is recorded for a user

Example implementation of can_vote_test:

def only_three_votes(request, content_type, object_id, vote):
    return Vote.objects.filter(content_type=content_type, token=request.secretballot_token).count() < 3

All can_vote_test methods must take the non-optional parameters to secretballot.views.vote and should return True if the vote should be allowed. If the vote is not allowed by default the view will return a 403, but it is also acceptable to raise a different exception.