All credit to the developers of aria2 for doing most of the work!
This program comes with no warranty. You must use this program at your own risk.
aria2 is a utility for downloading files. The supported protocols are HTTP(S), FTP, SFTP, BitTorrent, and Metalink. aria2 can download a file from multiple sources/protocols and tries to utilize your maximum download bandwidth. It supports downloading a file from HTTP(S)/FTP/SFTP and BitTorrent at the same time, while the data downloaded from HTTP(S)/FTP/SFTP is uploaded to the BitTorrent swarm. Using Metalink's chunk checksums, aria2 automatically validates chunks of data while downloading a file like BitTorrent.
The project page is located at https://aria2.github.io/.
See aria2 Online Manual <https://aria2.github.io/manual/en/html/>
_ (Russian translation <https://aria2.github.io/manual/ru/html/>
, Portuguese translation <https://aria2.github.io/manual/pt/html/>
) to learn
how to use aria2.
Here is a list of features:
- Command-line interface
- Download files through HTTP(S)/FTP/SFTP/BitTorrent
- Segmented downloading
- Metalink version 4 (RFC 5854) support(HTTP/FTP/SFTP/BitTorrent)
- Metalink version 3.0 support(HTTP/FTP/SFTP/BitTorrent)
- Metalink/HTTP (RFC 6249) support
- HTTP/1.1 implementation
- HTTP Proxy support
- HTTP BASIC authentication support
- HTTP Proxy authentication support
- Well-known environment variables for proxy:
http_proxy
,https_proxy
,ftp_proxy
,all_proxy
andno_proxy
- HTTP gzip, deflate content encoding support
- Verify peer using given trusted CA certificate in HTTPS
- Client certificate authentication in HTTPS
- Chunked transfer encoding support
- Load Cookies from file using the Firefox3 format, Chromium/Google Chrome and the Mozilla/Firefox (1.x/2.x)/Netscape format.
- Save Cookies in the Mozilla/Firefox (1.x/2.x)/Netscape format.
- Custom HTTP Header support
- Persistent Connections support
- FTP/SFTP through HTTP Proxy
- Download/Upload speed throttling
- BitTorrent extensions: Fast extension, DHT, PEX, MSE/PSE, Multi-Tracker, UDP tracker
- BitTorrent
WEB-Seeding <http://getright.com/seedtorrent.html>
_. aria2 requests chunks more than piece size to reduce the request overhead. It also supports pipelined requests with piece size. - BitTorrent Local Peer Discovery
- Rename/change the directory structure of BitTorrent downloads completely
- JSON-RPC (over HTTP and WebSocket)/XML-RPC interface
- Run as a daemon process
- Selective download in multi-file torrent/Metalink
- Chunk checksum validation in Metalink
- Can disable segmented downloading in Metalink
- Netrc support
- Configuration file support
- Download URIs found in a text file or stdin and the destination directory and output file name can be specified optionally
- Parameterized URI support
- IPv6 support with Happy Eyeballs
- Disk cache to reduce disk activity
We use 3 numbers for aria2 version: MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH. We will ship MINOR update on 15th of every month. We may skip a release if we have no changes since the last release. The feature and documentation freeze happens 10 days before the release day (5th day of the month) for translation teams. We will raise an issue about the upcoming release around that day.
We may release PATCH releases between regular releases if we have security issues.
MAJOR version will stay at 1 for the time being.
We maintain the source code at Github: https://github.com/aria2/aria2
To get the latest source code, run following command::
$ git clone https://github.com/aria2/aria2.git
This will create aria2 directory in your current directory and source files are stored there.
======================== ======================================== features dependency ======================== ======================================== HTTPS OSX or GnuTLS or OpenSSL or Windows SFTP libssh2 BitTorrent None. Optional: libnettle+libgmp or libgcrypt or OpenSSL (see note) Metalink libxml2 or Expat. Checksum None. Optional: OSX or libnettle or libgcrypt or OpenSSL or Windows (see note) gzip, deflate in HTTP zlib Async DNS C-Ares Firefox3/Chromium cookie libsqlite3 XML-RPC libxml2 or Expat. JSON-RPC over WebSocket libnettle or libgcrypt or OpenSSL ======================== ========================================
.. note::
libxml2 has precedence over Expat if both libraries are installed.
If you prefer Expat, run configure with --without-libxml2
.
.. note::
On Apple OSX the OS-level SSL/TLS support will be preferred. Hence
neither GnuTLS nor OpenSSL are required on that platform. If you'd
like to disable this behavior, run configure with
--without-appletls
.
GnuTLS has precedence over OpenSSL if both libraries are installed.
If you prefer OpenSSL, run configure with --without-gnutls
--with-openssl
.
On Windows there is SSL implementation available that is based on
the native Windows SSL capabilities (Schannel) and it will be
preferred. Hence neither GnuTLS nor OpenSSL are required on that
platform. If you'd like to disable this behavior, run configure
with --without-wintls
.
.. note::
On Apple OSX the OS-level checksum support will be preferred,
unless aria2 is configured with --without-appletls
.
libnettle has precedence over libgcrypt if both libraries are
installed. If you prefer libgcrypt, run configure with
--without-libnettle --with-libgcrypt
. If OpenSSL is selected over
GnuTLS, neither libnettle nor libgcrypt will be used.
If none of the optional dependencies are installed, an internal implementation that only supports md5 and sha1 will be used.
On Windows there is SSL implementation available that is based on
the native Windows capabilities and it will be preferred, unless
aria2 is configured with --without-wintls
.
A user can have one of the following configurations for SSL and crypto libraries:
- OpenSSL
- GnuTLS + libgcrypt
- GnuTLS + libnettle
- Apple TLS (OSX only)
- Windows TLS (Windows only)
You can disable BitTorrent and Metalink support by providing
--disable-bittorrent
and --disable-metalink
to the configure
script respectively.
In order to enable async DNS support, you need c-ares.
- c-ares: http://c-ares.haxx.se/
aria2 is primarily written in C++. Initially it was written based on
C++98/C++03 standard features. We are now migrating aria2 to C++11
standard. The current source code requires C++11 aware compiler. For
well-known compilers, such as g++ and clang, the -std=c++11
or
-std=c++0x
flag must be supported.
In order to build aria2 from the source package, you need following development packages (package name may vary depending on the distribution you use):
- libgnutls-dev (Required for HTTPS, BitTorrent, Checksum support)
- nettle-dev (Required for BitTorrent, Checksum support)
- libgmp-dev (Required for BitTorrent)
- libssh2-1-dev (Required for SFTP support)
- libc-ares-dev (Required for async DNS support)
- libxml2-dev (Required for Metalink support)
- zlib1g-dev (Required for gzip, deflate decoding support in HTTP)
- libsqlite3-dev (Required for Firefox3/Chromium cookie support)
- pkg-config (Required to detect installed libraries)
You can use libgcrypt-dev instead of nettle-dev and libgmp-dev:
- libgpg-error-dev (Required for BitTorrent, Checksum support)
- libgcrypt-dev (Required for BitTorrent, Checksum support)
You can use libssl-dev instead of libgnutls-dev, nettle-dev, libgmp-dev, libgpg-error-dev and libgcrypt-dev:
- libssl-dev (Required for HTTPS, BitTorrent, Checksum support)
You can use libexpat1-dev instead of libxml2-dev:
- libexpat1-dev (Required for Metalink support)
On Fedora you need the following packages: gcc, gcc-c++, kernel-devel, libgcrypt-devel, libxml2-devel, openssl-devel, gettext-devel, cppunit
If you downloaded source code from git repository, you have to install following packages to get autoconf macros:
- libxml2-dev
- libcppunit-dev
- autoconf
- automake
- autotools-dev
- autopoint
- libtool
And run following command to generate configure script and other files necessary to build the program::
$ autoreconf -i
Also you need Sphinx <http://sphinx-doc.org/>
_ to build man page.
If you are building aria2 for Mac OS X, take a look at the makerelease-osx.mk GNU Make makefile.
The quickest way to build aria2 is first run configure script::
$ ./configure
To build statically linked aria2, use ARIA2_STATIC=yes
command-line option::
$ ./configure ARIA2_STATIC=yes
After configuration is done, run make
to compile the program::
$ make
See Cross-compiling Windows binary
_ to create a Windows binary.
See Cross-compiling Android binary
_ to create an Android binary.
The configure script checks available libraries and enables as many features as possible except for experimental features not enabled by default.
Since 1.1.0, aria2 checks the certificate of HTTPS servers by default.
If you build with OpenSSL or the recent version of GnuTLS which has
gnutls_certificate_set_x509_system_trust()
function and the
library is properly configured to locate the system-wide CA
certificates store, aria2 will automatically load those certificates
at the startup. If it is not the case, I recommend to supply the path
to the CA bundle file. For example, in Debian the path to CA bundle
file is '/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt' (in ca-certificates
package). This may vary depending on your distribution. You can give
it to configure script using --with-ca-bundle option
::
$ ./configure --with-ca-bundle='/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt'
$ make
Without --with-ca-bundle
option, you will encounter the error when
accessing HTTPS servers because the certificate cannot be verified
without CA bundle. In such case, you can specify the CA bundle file
using aria2's --ca-certificate
option. If you don't have CA bundle
file installed, then the last resort is disable the certificate
validation using --check-certificate=false
.
Using the native OSX (AppleTLS) and/or Windows (WinTLS) implementation
will automatically use the system certificate store, so
--with-ca-bundle
is not necessary and will be ignored when using
these implementations.
By default, the bash_completion file named aria2c
is installed to
the directory $prefix/share/doc/aria2/bash_completion
. To change
the install directory of the file, use --with-bashcompletiondir
option.
After a make
the executable is located at src/aria2c
.
aria2 uses CppUnit for automated unit testing. To run the unit test::
$ make check
In this section, we describe how to build a Windows binary using a mingw-w64 (http://mingw-w64.org/doku.php) cross-compiler on Debian Linux. The MinGW (http://www.mingw.org/) may not be able to build aria2.
The easiest way to build Windows binary is use Dockerfile.mingw. See Dockerfile.mingw how to build binary. If you cannot use Dockerfile, then continue to read following paragraphs.
Basically, after compiling and installing depended libraries, you can
do cross-compile just passing appropriate --host
option and
specifying CPPFLAGS
, LDFLAGS
and PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR
variables to configure. For convenience and lowering our own
development cost, we provide easier way to configure the build
settings.
mingw-config
script is a configure script wrapper for mingw-w64.
We use it to create official Windows build. This script assumes
following libraries have been built for cross-compile:
- c-ares
- expat
- sqlite3
- zlib
- libssh2
- cppunit
Some environment variables can be adjusted to change build settings:
HOST
cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST
. It defaults to
i686-w64-mingw32
. To build 64bit binary, specify
x86_64-w64-mingw32
.
PREFIX
Prefix to the directory where dependent libraries are installed. It
defaults to /usr/local/$HOST
. -I$PREFIX/include
will be
added to CPPFLAGS
. -L$PREFIX/lib
will be added to
LDFLAGS
. $PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig
will be set to
PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR
.
For example, to build 64bit binary do this::
$ HOST=x86_64-w64-mingw32 ./mingw-config
If you want libaria2 dll with --enable-libaria2
, then don't use
ARIA2_STATIC=yes
and prepare the DLL version of external
libraries.
In this section, we describe how to build Android binary using Android NDK cross-compiler on Debian Linux.
At the time of this writing, android-ndk-r14b should compile aria2 without errors.
android-config
script is a configure script wrapper for Android
build. We use it to create official Android build. This script
assumes the following libraries have been built for cross-compile:
- c-ares
- openssl
- expat
- zlib
- libssh2
When building the above libraries, make sure that disable shared library and enable only static library. We are going to link those libraries statically.
We use zlib which comes with Android NDK, so we don't have to build it by ourselves.
android-config
assumes the existence of $ANDROID_HOME
environment variable which must fulfill the following conditions:
-
Android NDK toolchain is installed under
$ANDROID_HOME/toolchain
. Refer toStandalone Toolchain <https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/standalone_toolchain.html>
_ for more details, but it is a bit out of date.To install toolchain under
$ANDROID_HOME/toolchain
, do this:.. code-block:: text
$NDK/build/tools/make_standalone_toolchain.py
--arch arm --api 16 --stl=gnustl
--install-dir $ANDROID_HOME/toolchain -
The dependent libraries must be installed under
$ANDROID_HOME/usr/local
.
Before running android-config
and android-make
,
$ANDROID_HOME
environment variable must be set to point to the
correct path.
After android-config
, run android-make
to compile sources.
Sphinx <http://sphinx-doc.org/>
_ is used to build the
documentation. aria2 man pages will be build when you run make
if
they are not up-to-date. You can also build HTML version of aria2 man
page by make html
. The HTML version manual is also available at
online <https://aria2.github.io/manual/en/html/>
_ (Russian translation <https://aria2.github.io/manual/ru/html/>
, Portuguese translation <https://aria2.github.io/manual/pt/html/>
).
About file names
The file name of the downloaded file is determined as follows:
single-file mode
If "name" key is present in .torrent file, file name is the value
of "name" key. Otherwise, file name is the base name of .torrent
file appended by ".file". For example, .torrent file is
"test.torrent", then file name is "test.torrent.file". The
directory to store the downloaded file can be specified by -d
option.
multi-file mode
The complete directory/file structure mentioned in .torrent file
is created. The directory to store the top directory of
downloaded files can be specified by -d option.
Before download starts, a complete directory structure is created if
needed. By default, aria2 opens at most 100 files mentioned in
.torrent file, and directly writes to and reads from these files.
The number of files to open simultaneously can be controlled by
``--bt-max-open-files`` option.
DHT
~~~
aria2 supports mainline compatible DHT. By default, the routing table
for IPv4 DHT is saved to ``$XDG_CACHE_HOME/aria2/dht.dat`` and the
routing table for IPv6 DHT is saved to
``$XDG_CACHE_HOME/aria2/dht6.dat`` unless files exist at
``$HOME/.aria2/dht.dat`` or ``$HOME/.aria2/dht6.dat``. aria2 uses same
port number to listen on for both IPv4 and IPv6 DHT.
UDP tracker
~~~~~~~~~~~
UDP tracker support is enabled when IPv4 DHT is enabled. The port
number of UDP tracker is shared with DHT. Use ``--dht-listen-port``
option to change the port number.
Other things should be noted
-o
option is used to change the file name of .torrent file itself, not a file name of a file in .torrent file. For this purpose, use--index-out
option instead.- The port numbers that aria2 uses by default are 6881-6999 for TCP and UDP.
- aria2 doesn't configure port-forwarding automatically. Please configure your router or firewall manually.
- The maximum number of peers is 55. This limit may be exceeded when
download rate is low. This download rate can be adjusted using
--bt-request-peer-speed-limit
option. - As of release 0.10.0, aria2 stops sending request message after selective download completes.
The current implementation supports HTTP(S)/FTP/SFTP/BitTorrent. The other P2P protocols are ignored. Both Metalink4 (RFC 5854) and Metalink version 3.0 documents are supported.
For checksum verification, md5, sha-1, sha-224, sha-256, sha-384 and sha-512 are supported. If multiple hash algorithms are provided, aria2 uses stronger one. If whole file checksum verification fails, aria2 doesn't retry the download and just exits with non-zero return code.
The supported user preferences are version, language, location, protocol and os.
If chunk checksums are provided in Metalink file, aria2 automatically validates chunks of data during download. This behavior can be turned off by a command-line option.
If signature is included in a Metalink file, aria2 saves it as a file after the completion of the download. The file name is download file name + ".sig". If same file already exists, the signature file is not saved.
In Metalink4, multi-file torrent could appear in metalink:metaurl element. Since aria2 cannot download 2 same torrents at the same time, aria2 groups files in metalink:file element which has same BitTorrent metaurl and downloads them from a single BitTorrent swarm. This is basically multi-file torrent download with file selection, so the adjacent files which is not in Metalink document but shares same piece with selected file are also created.
If relative URI is specified in metalink:url or metalink:metaurl
element, aria2 uses the URI of Metalink file as base URI to resolve
the relative URI. If relative URI is found in Metalink file which is
read from local disk, aria2 uses the value of --metalink-base-uri
option as base URI. If this option is not specified, the relative URI
will be ignored.
The current implementation only uses rel=duplicate links only. aria2
understands Digest header fields and check whether it matches the
digest value from other sources. If it differs, drop connection.
aria2 also uses this digest value to perform checksum verification
after download finished. aria2 recognizes geo value. To tell aria2
which location you prefer, you can use --metalink-location
option.
netrc support is enabled by default for HTTP(S)/FTP/SFTP. To disable netrc support, specify -n command-line option. Your .netrc file should have correct permissions(600).
The WebSocket server embedded in aria2 implements the specification defined in RFC 6455. The supported protocol version is 13.
The libaria2 is a C++ library which offers aria2 functionality to the
client code. Currently, libaria2 is not built by default. To enable
libaria2, use --enable-libaria2
configure option. By default,
only the shared library is built. To build static library, use
--enable-static
configure option as well. See libaria2
documentation to know how to use API.
-
aria2 Online Manual <https://aria2.github.io/manual/en/html/>
_ -
RFC 959 FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc959>
_ -
RFC 1738 Uniform Resource Locators (URL) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738>
_ -
RFC 2428 FTP Extensions for IPv6 and NATs <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2428>
_ -
RFC 2616 Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616>
_ -
RFC 3659 Extensions to FTP <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3659>
_ -
RFC 3986 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986>
_ -
RFC 4038 Application Aspects of IPv6 Transition <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4038>
_ -
RFC 5854 The Metalink Download Description Format <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5854>
_ -
RFC 6249 Metalink/HTTP: Mirrors and Hashes <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6249>
_ -
RFC 6265 HTTP State Management Mechanism <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265>
_ -
RFC 6266 Use of the Content-Disposition Header Field in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266>
_ -
RFC 6455 The WebSocket Protocol <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455>
_ -
RFC 6555 Happy Eyeballs: Success with Dual-Stack Hosts <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6555>
_ -
The BitTorrent Protocol Specification <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0003.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: DHT Protocol <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0005.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: Fast Extension <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0006.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: IPv6 Tracker Extension <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0007.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: Extension for Peers to Send Metadata Files <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0009.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: Extension Protocol <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0010.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: Multitracker Metadata Extension <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0012.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: UDP Tracker Protocol for BitTorrent <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0015.html>
_ andBitTorrent udp-tracker protocol specification <http://www.rasterbar.com/products/libtorrent/udp_tracker_protocol.html>
_. -
BitTorrent: WebSeed - HTTP/FTP Seeding (GetRight style) <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0019.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: Private Torrents <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0027.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: BitTorrent DHT Extensions for IPv6 <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0032.html>
_ -
BitTorrent: Message Stream Encryption <http://wiki.vuze.com/w/Message_Stream_Encryption>
_ -
Kademlia: A Peer-to-peer Information System Based on the XOR Metric <https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/~petar/papers/maymounkov-kademlia-lncs.pdf>
_