create env conda or pip env
conda create -n nlp_env python=3.8
conda activate nlp_env
pip install -r requirements.txtpip env
python3 -m venv nlp_env
source nlp_env/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txtTo install packages in a virtual environment:
pip install -r requirements.txtfrom nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer
from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer def text_normalize(self, text):
text = text.lower()
text = text.replace('\n', ' ')
text = text.replace('\t', ' ')
# text re to select only alphabets
text = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z]', ' ', text)
# text to replace emails and urls
# text = re.sub(r'\S*@\S*\s?', '', text)
text = re.sub(r'\S*\s?(http|https)\S*', '', text)
# text to replace emojis
text = re.sub(r'[^\w\s]', '', text)
text = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', text)
return text def text_clean(self, text):
text = self.text_normalize(text)
text = self.text_remove_stopwords(text)
text = self.text_tokenize(text)
return text def text_remove_stopwords(self, text):
#stopwords without not is'nt
whitelist = ["not"]
text = [word for word in text.split() if word not in stopwords.words('english') or word in whitelist]
return ' '.join(text) def text_tokenize(self, text):
# tokenize text
tokens = word_tokenize(text)
# lemmatize each word - if it is not a noun, verb, adjective, adverb
lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()
# stem each word - if it is not a verb, adjective, adverb
stemmer = PorterStemmer()
# remove stopwords
text = [stemmer.stem(lemmatizer.lemmatize(word)) for word in tokens if word not in stopwords.words('english')]
return textNote you can use Stemming also
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer from gensim.models import Word2VecBert (Attention based models)
from packt publication and by refering two to three articles i have created this architecture
the attention is all you need is an article, written by Google Brain and Google researchers Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, Illia Polosukhin in 2017. The paper is available on arXiv and [GitHub]( !Attention is all you need
this transformer outperformed other transformer architecture so the point here is how important the attention is in the transformer architecture. Transformer is the key component of NLP and it is used in many NLP tasks like text classification, text summarization, text generation, machine translation, etc.
transformer provided lot of improvements over the RNNs and CNNs. The transformer architecture is based on the attention mechanism. The attention mechanism is used to focus on the important parts of the input sequence. The attention mechanism is used to calculate the context vector. The context vector is used to calculate the output of the transformer. The transformer architecture is used in many NLP tasks like text classification, text summarization, text generation, machine translation, etc. okay !! blah blah blah !! very confusing right !! !! consider the following example to understand the transformer architecture.
consider a sentence,
English : cat is on the mat
to transformer the above sentence into another language(Machine Translation)
Tamil : Pūṉai pāyil uḷḷatu
Transformer has 2 main blocks Encoder block
Encoder block : Encoder block is used to encode the input sequence. The encoder block is used to calculate the context vector. The context vector is used to calculate the output of the transformer.
Decoder block : Decoder block is used to decode the context vector. The decoder block is used to calculate the output of the transformer.
Deep learning framework like PyTorch and TensorFlow is used to implement the transformation model. Even in Computer Vision Transformer architecture is used to outperform CNNs. We reproduce Transformer architecture with different deep learning frameworks and achieve higher accuracy on the classification task. According to Jay Alammar's blog, transformer has six main components, i will explain each one of them below and i also referred to Narrated transformers video from Jay Alammar.
before that let's see encoder and decoder stacks Encoder and Decoder stacks :
Encoder : Encoder receives input and calculate context vector
Decoder : Decoder receives context vector and gives output based on that vector
Encoder and Decoder are stacks of encoders and decoders with the same parameters
Examples of Decoder stakcs
GPT model (dialog human chat dataset, web scraping data, language modeling)
GPT-2 model (dialog human chat dataset)
GPT3.ai model (dialog human chat dataset, web scraping data, language modeling)
GPT - 2 (openAI transformers) Huge Language Model which is trained on the web scraping data. with 36 blocks in each stack.
Examples of Encoder Stacks
BERT Models ( classification, another NLP task)
Bart Models ( chat bot trained on publicly available chat data like reddit and conversations on product hunt)
Longformer ( BERT based models trained on long inputs ( not possible with the BERT))
Huge BERT models ( preprocessed text by replacing randomly selected words with [MASK] token and evaluating against the original sentence ) Here we can interpret as [MASK] token as a wildcard.
XLNet Models ( models trained with combined objective (self-supervised object), original uncombined objective (Standard BERT) & next sentence prediction task)
So we got clarity about encoder decoder, Now we reduce complexity of understanding the architecture by simplifying things a little by removing cross-entities and heads parts. Read blog
Attention mechanism is used to focus on the important parts of the input sequence. In both encoder and decoder, the attention mechanism is used.
The encoder and the decoder contains the embedding layer for embedding the source language and target language respectively.
Token embedding (wte)
Token embedding (wte) : Token embedding (wte) is used to embed the word in sequence when the input is a word.(Encoder and Decoder have two wte's).
Positional embedding(wpe)
Positional embedding(wpe) : Positional embedding(Wpe) is used to account for position in the sentence. The positional code(PE) is combined with the word embedding to produce the input word embedding vector.
The Shawshank Redemption
Produces an input embedding like below
The Shawshank Redemption
[[0.0522, 0.0178, 0.1694, ..., 0.0180, 0.0160, 0.0009],
[0.1550, 0.1047, 0.0322, ..., 0.0555, 0.1045, 0.1085],
[0.0610, 0.1158, 0.1463, ..., 0.1514, 0.0923, 0.0226],
...,
[0.0114, 0.0556, 0.1169, ..., 0.1206, 0.0352, 0.0727],
[0.0807, 0.0148, 0.1736, ..., 0.0337, 0.1697, 0.0101],
[0.0308, 0.1114, 0.0200, ..., 0.1536, 0.1542, 0.1945]]
Each Word (token) gets a unique embedding based on it position relative to other words in the sentence.
After getting a list of vectors
var = [[0.0522, 0.0178, 0.1694, ..., 0.0180, 0.0160, 0.0009],
[0.1550, 0.1047, 0.0322, ..., 0.0555, 0.1045, 0.1085],
[0.0610, 0.1158, 0.1463, ..., 0.1514, 0.0923, 0.0226],
...,
[0.0114, 0.0556, 0.1169, ..., 0.1206, 0.0352, 0.0727],
[0.0807, 0.0148, 0.1736, ..., 0.0337, 0.1697, 0.0101],
[0.0308, 0.1114, 0.0200, ..., 0.1536, 0.1542, 0.1945]]
list[vectors] = [vector1, vector2, vector3, vector4, vector5]
for example: vector1 = [0.0522, 0.0178, 0.1694, ..., 0.0180, 0.0160, 0.0009]
Dimension = 512
5 * 512
List
elements = 2560now role of Self attention, for eg, Consider a sentence,
English : cat is on the mat,it fall asleep.
what does the word 'it' refer to ? Human can say that it refers to cat that was mat but when it comes to Algorithm, it is difficult to understand the context of the word 'it' in the sentence. So we use self attention to understand the context of the word 'it' in the sentence.
math behind !here and !here too
yt video !here understanding through !blog
Multi headed self attention is uses Multiple Key, Value and Query vectors to calculate the attention. for giving more attention to the words that are closer to each other.
Layer normalization is used to normalize the output of the multi headed self attention layer.
Feed forward network is used to calculate the output of the encoder and decoder.
Encoder and Decoder Stacks are used to increase the depth of the model.
Masked self attention is used to mask the attention of the padding tokens.
Cross attention is used to calculate the attention between the encoder and decoder.
Positional encoding is used to encode the position of the word in the sentence.
Softmax is used to calculate the probability of the word in the sentence.
Loss function is used to calculate the loss of the model. here we use cross entropy loss.
Optimizer is used to optimize the loss function. here we use Adam optimizer.
BERT is a technique for NLP pre-training developed by Google. BERT was created and published in 2018 by Jacob Devlin and his colleagues from Google. BERT is a bidirectional transformer-based model which means it can be used for both NLP tasks like text classification, question answering, and text generation. BERT is trained on a large corpus of unlabeled text and can be fine-tuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial task-specific architecture modifications.
Popular BERT models are
BERT-Base, uncased: 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters
BERT-Large, uncased: 24-layer, 1024-hidden, 16-heads, 340M parameters
BERT-Base, cased: 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads , 110M parameters
BERT-Large, cased: 24-layer, 1024-hidden, 16-heads, 340M parameters
BERT-Base, multilingual cased (New, recommended): 104 languages, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters
BERT-Base, Chinese: Chinese Simplified and Traditional, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters
BERT-Distilled, cased: 6-layer, 384-hidden, 4-heads, 33M parameters
BERT-Distilled, uncased: 6-layer, 384-hidden, 4-heads, 33M parameters
RoBERTa, cased: 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 125M parameters
RoBERTa, uncased: 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 125M parameters
RoBERTa, large, cased: 24-layer, 1024-hidden, 16-heads, 355M parameters
RoBERTa, large, uncased: 24-layer, 1024-hidden, 16-heads, 355M parameters
RoBERTa, base, cased: 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 125M parameters
RoBERTa, base, uncased: 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 125M parameters
RoBERTa, small, cased: 6-layer, 384-hidden, 6-heads, 17M parameters
RoBERTa, small, uncased: 6-layer, 384-hidden, 6-heads, 17M parameters
BERT is a deep learning model that uses a technique called bidirectional encoding to read the text input.
HF Classifier is a simple and easy to use library for text classification. HF Classifier is a wrapper around the Hugging Face transformers library.
let's see how to use HF Classifier for text classification with BERT.
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