Paste middleware to produce a CADF audit trail from OpenStack API calls. Currently the following OpenStack services are supported out-of-the-box today:
- Nova
- Neutron
- Cinder
- Designate
- Manila
- Glance
- Barbican
- Ironic
- Octavia
Additional APIs can be supported without major code changes through templates.
It is a major redesign of the original audit module within the keystonemiddleware. It has been invented to produce a more verbose audit trail that can be consumed by auditors, end users and complex event processing infrastructures alike.
For that reason it does not adhere to the existing OpenStack taxonomy for CADF. The biggest difference is that it populates the target part of the CADF event with the actual resource/object affected by the action. This is a prerequisite to user friendly presentation of events, e.g. navigation from event to target objects. Previously, the essential information which target object has been affected by an audit-relevant action had been buried in the requestPath attribute or was not available at all.
For operators the difference is minor though. The integration of the new middleware in the OpenStack service works the same way with the only change being different mapping files and of course the new binaries.
The figure above shows the middleware in Nova's pipeline.
To enable auditing, oslo.messaging should be installed. If not, the middleware will write audit events to the application log instead.
Auditing is enabled by editing the services's api-paste.ini file to include the following
filter definition:
[filter:audit]
paste.filter_factory = auditmiddleware:filter_factory
audit_map_file = /etc/nova/api_audit_map.yaml
The filter must be included after Keystone middleware's authtoken filter so it can utilise request header variables set by it.
Below is an example using Nova's WSGI pipeline::
[composite:openstack_compute_api_v2]
use = call:nova.api.auth:pipeline_factory
noauth = faultwrap sizelimit noauth ratelimit osapi_compute_app_v2
keystone = faultwrap sizelimit authtoken keystonecontext ratelimit audit osapi_compute_app_v2
keystone_nolimit = faultwrap sizelimit authtoken keystonecontext audit osapi_compute_app_v2
To properly audit api requests, the audit middleware requires a mapping file. The mapping files describes how to generate CADF events out of REST API calls.
The location of the mapping file should be specified explicitly by adding the
path to the audit_map_file option of the filter definition::
[filter:audit]
paste.filter_factory = auditmiddleware:filter_factory
audit_map_file = /etc/nova/api_audit_map.yaml
For each supported OpenStack services, a mapping file named <service>_api_audit_map.yaml is included in the etc folder of this repo.
Additional options can be set:
Certain types of HTTP requests can be ignored entirely. Typically GET and HEAD requests should not cause the creation of an audit events due to sheer volume.
# ignore any GET or HEAD requests
ignore_req_list = GET, HEAD
The payload of the API response to a CRUD request can be attached to the event optionally. This will increase the size of the events, but brings a lot of value when it comes to diagnostics. Sensitive information can be filtered out using the payloads attribute of the resource mapping specification (see below).
# turn on logging on request payloads
record_payloads = True
Audit middleware can be configured to use its own exclusive notification driver and topic(s) value. This can be useful when the service is already using oslo messaging notifications and wants to use a different driver for auditing e.g. service has existing notifications sent to queue via 'messagingv2' and wants to send audit notifications to a log file via 'log' driver.
The oslo messaging configuration for the audit middleware is at the same place as
service's oslo messaging configuration: the service configuration file (e.g. neutron.conf)
Example shown below:
[audit_middleware_notifications]
driver = log
When audit events are sent via 'messagingv2' or 'messaging', middleware can specify a transport URL if its transport URL needs to be different from the service's own messaging transport setting. Other Transport related settings are read from oslo messaging sections defined in service configuration e.g. 'oslo_messaging_rabbit'.
Example shown below:
[audit_middleware_notifications]
driver = messagingv2
transport_url = rabbit://user2:passwd@host:5672/another_virtual_host
The middleware can emit statistics on emitted events using tagged statsd metrics. This requires a DogStatsD compatible statsd service like the Prometheus StatsD exporter.
# turn on metrics
metrics_enabled = True
The default StatsD host and port can be customized using environment variables:
STATSD_HOST the statsd hostname
STATSD_PORT the statsd portnumber
The following metrics and dimensions are supported
| Metric | Description | Dimensions/Tags |
|---|---|---|
| openstack_audit_events | Statistics on audit events per tenant. This includes not yet delivered ones. | action: CADF action ID, project_id: OpenStack project/domain ID, service: OpenStack service type, target_type: CADF type URI of the target resource, outcome: failed/success/unknown |
| openstack_audit_events_backlog | Events buffered in memory waiting for message queue to catch up | |
| openstack_audit_messaging_overflows | Number of lost events due to message queue latency or downtime | |
| openstack_audit_messaging_errors | Failed attempts to push to message queue, leading to events dumped into log files |
The creation of audit events is driven by so called mapping rules. The CADF mapping rules are essentially a model of resources. Using OpenStack API design patterns, this model implies how the HTTP API requests are formed.
The path of an HTTP request specifies the resource that is the target of the request. It consists of a prefix and a resource path. The resource path is denoting the resource. The prefix is used for versioning and routing. Sometimes it is even used to specify the target project of an operation (e.g. in Cinder).
In the mapping file, the prefix is specified using a regular expression. In those cases where the prefix contains the target project id, the regular expression needs to capture the relevant part of the prefix using a named match group called project_id
prefix: '/v2.0/(?P<project_id>[0-9a-f\-]*)'
The resource path is a concatenation of resource names and IDs. URL paths follow one of the following patterns:
/<resources>: HTTP POST for create, GET for list/<resources>/<resource-id>: HTTP GET for read, PUT for update, DELETE for remove/<resources>/<resource-id>/action: POST to perform an action specified by the payload. The payload is expressed as{<action>: {<parameter1>: <pvalue1>, ...}}/<resources>/<resource-id>/<custom-action>: perform a custom action specified in the mapping (otherwise this is interpreted as a key, see below)/<resources>/<resource-id>/<key>: update a key of a resource/<resources>/<resource-id>/<child-resource>: like top-level resource/<resources>/<resource-id>/<child-resource>/<child-resource-id>: like top-level resource
For singletons, i.e. resources with only a single instance, the <resource-id> parts are omitted.
Additional hints are added to address exceptions to these design patterns.
The mapping file starts with general information on the service:
-
service_type: The type of service according to the CADF type taxonomy, i.e. the root of the type hierarchy. All resources of the service are added beneath that root. -
prefix: The URL prefix used by the service. Some OpenStack services specify the target project/domain in the URL, others rely on the authorization scope or special parameters.# service type as configured in the OpenStack catalog service_type: compute # configure prefix, use the named match group 'project_id' to mark the tenant prefix: '/v2[0-9\.]*/(?P<project_id>[0-9a-f\-]*)'
This is followed by a description of the service's resource hierarchy.
The following defines a resource with the typeURI compute/servers.
resources:
servers:
# type_uri: compute/servers (default)
# el_type_uri: compute/server (default)
custom_actions:
startup: start/startup
custom_attributes:
# always attach the security_groups attribute value
# which has type compute/server/security-groups
security_groups: compute/server/security-groups
In addition to the basic resource actions implied by the HTTP method, OpenStack services can expose custom actions that go beyond CRUD. Two ways how to encoded action names in the HTTP request are common:
- payload-encoded: the last component of the URL path is the action name (example)
- path-encoded: the last component of the URL path is
actionand the payload contains the action name as the first JSON element (example
Usually all custom actions should be listed in the mapping because otherwise the last path component will be taken as a custom key of the resource or ignored right-away:
custom_actions: map custom action names to the CADF action taxonomy (default:[]).
The mapping of actions is complex: For payload-encoded actions a default-mapping will be applied which determines the primary action (e.g. update) from the HTTP method and adds the action name from the payload (e.g. update/myaction).
For path-encoded actions you can reach a similar behaviour with a generic rule of the form "<method>:*": "<action>" (e.g. "POST:*": "read"). You can refer to the actual action name in the path via * (e.g. "POST:*": "update/*"). If the right side of the rule is null, the entire request will be suppressed, so that no event is emitted (e.g. "POST:*": null).
If there is no rule matching the path suffix, it will be interpreted as a key, not as an action. That means that the action will be determined from the HTTP method only and an attachment with the name key and the name of the key as content will be added to the event.
Attributes of special importance can be added to every update-like event by specifying custom attributes:
custom_attributes: list attributes of special importance whose values should always be attached to the event; Assign a type URI, so they can be shown in UIs properly (default: [])
A singleton resource is a api url call that will always lead to only one resource. Some resources exist only once, i.e. they only have a single instance and thus no unique ID. This is controlled by the following attribute:
singleton:truewhen only a single instance of a resource exists. Otherwise the resource is a collection, i.e. an ID needs to be specified for address individual resource instances in a URL (default:false)
For some resources, some API designs do not follow the common OpenStack naming patterns. Those exceptions can be modelled with the following settings:
api_name: resource name in the URL path (default:<resource-name>); must be uniquetype_uri: type-URI of the resource, used in the target.typeURI attribute of the produced CADF event (default:<parent-typeURI>/<resource-name>)el_type_uri: type-URI of the resource instances (default:type_uriomitting the last character); not applicable to singletonscustom_id: indicate which resource attribute contains the unique resource ID (default:id)custom_name: indicate which resource attribute contains the resource readable name (default:name)type_name: JSON name for the resource, used by API designs that wrap the resource attributes into a single top-level attribute (default:api_namewithout leadingos-prefix resp. the original resource name, but with-replaced by_)el_type_name: JSON name of the resource instances (default:type_nameomitting the last character)
Resources can be nested, meaning that a resource is part of another resource. Nesting is used to model various design patterns:
-
composition: a resource is really part of another resource, so that e.g. the resource is deleted when its parent is deleted.
-
grouping: a singleton resource is used to group related resources or custom fields.
children: metadata: # collection of fields/keys singleton: true # wrapped in a JSON element named "meta" type_name: meta migrations: # defaults are all fine for this resource interfaces: # for some reason Nova does not use plural for the os-interfaces of a server api_name: 'os-interface' # in JSON payloads the resource attributes are wrapped in an element called 'interfaceAttachment' type_name: interfaceAttachments # the unique ID of an os-interface is located in attribute 'port_id' (not 'id') custom_id: port_id
The configuration option to record request payloads needs some special consideration when sensitive or bulky information in involved:
payloads: controls which attributes of the request payload may not be attached to the event (e.g. because they contain very sensitive information)enabled: set tofalseto disable payload recording for this resource entirely (default:true)exclude: exclude these payload attributes from the payload attachment (black-list approach, default:[])include: only include these payload attributes in the payload attachment(white-list approach, default: all)
In our example this looks like this:
...
os-server-password:
singleton: true
payloads:
# never record payloads for the os-server-password resource
enabled: False
flavors:
payloads:
exclude:
# filter lengthy fields with no real diagnostic value
- description
- links
Resources that are not declared in the mapping file will be reported as unknown in the operational logs. Still the middleware tries to create events for them based on heuristics. They can be recognized by the X prefix in the resource name.
When those X-resources show up, the mapping file should be extended with an appropriate resource definition. The reason is that the heuristics to discover and map undeclared resources are not covering all kinds of requests. There are ambiguities.
This project is open for external contributions. The issue list shows what is planned for upcoming releases.
Pull-requests are welcome as long as you follow a few rules:
- Ensure that the middleware cannot degrade availabilty (no crashes, no deadlocks, no synchronous remote calls)
- Do not degrade performance
- Include unit tests for new or modified code
- Pass the static code checks
- Keep the architecture intact, don't add shortcuts, layers, ...
The purpose of this middleware is to create audit records from API calls.
Each record describes a user or system activity following the 5W1H principle:
- who: which user?
- what: which action? which parameters?
- where: on which target resource?
- when: what timestamp?
- why: which service URL?
- how: with what outcome (outcome, HTTP response code)
This information is gathered from the URL path and the exchanged payloads which may contain important information like resource IDs or names. Discovering that information based on the hints in the mapping file is what most of the code is about.
Complexity comes from:
- different styles of encoding actions and payloads
- create calls, where the target resource ID needs to be fetched from the result payload
- mass vs. single operations
Components/Packages
- api: Implementation of actual pipeline filter
- notifier: Implementation of the asynchronous event push to the oslo bus
- tests: unit and component tests
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