This repository contains a simple PAM module for testing whether a password being used for authentication has been listed in the have I been pwned database.
Note that in the documentation here we focus upon ensuring that a password used for sudo has not been compromised, but PAM-modules can be used for many purposes, from handling SSH-access, to permitting HTTP-based authentication. There is nothing sudo-specific about our code so this module can be useful in many contexts.
The development of this module was sponsored by three individuals who made charitable donations. (Anonymous primarily because I didn't ask for permission to name them publicly.)
If you wish to "sponsor this" software, and be listed here, just email me a receipt of your donation. I support the RNLI, but feel free to pick whatever charity you wish.
The code is released under the BSD-license so you can fork it, improve it, use it, and enjoy it! Feel free to report bugs, or feature-suggestions on the issue-page.
These are the dependencies I expect you would need for compiling the project:
- For fetching a remote URI we use
libcurl:apt-get install libcurl4-gnutls-dev
- For compiling PAM modules you'll need the appropriate development package:
apt-get install libpam0g-dev
Assuming you have the dependencies installed then compilation should only require a simple make:
$ make
gcc -fPIC -c pam_pwnd.c -lpam -lpam_misc -lpamc
gcc -fPIC -c pwn_chk.c -lcurl
gcc -fPIC -c sha1.c
ld -x --shared -o pam_pwnd.so pam_pwnd.o pwn_chk.o sha1.o -lcurl -lpam -lpam_misc -lpamc
For completeness you can also run the basic test-cases included in the repository, but note that to do that you will require network-access:
$ make test
./pam_test
..
(This might be an issue if you run the tests as part of a build-process upon a CI/CD system which doesn't permit outgoing network access.)
Once you have compiled the code you should copy the resulting file pam_pwnd.so to the appropriate PAM-directory upon your system. In my case that means running this command:
sudo install pam_pwnd.so /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/security/
The final step is to enable the module, by editing the appropriate PAM configuration file.
In my case I'm using SSH keys for authentication, and I'm only concerned with ensuring that no known-bad passwords are used with sudo. I append the following line to /etc/pamd.d/sudo:
auth required pam_pwnd.so try_first_pass
The complete file, on an Ubuntu system, might then look like this:
#%PAM-1.0
session required pam_env.so readenv=1 user_readenv=0
session required pam_env.so readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale user_readenv=0
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session-noninteractive
auth required pam_pwnd.so try_first_pass
Upon the "stretch" release of Debian GNU/Linux the file has these contents:
#%PAM-1.0
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session-noninteractive
auth required pam_pwnd.so try_first_pass
Regardless of what your file looks like, once you've added the reference to pam_pwnd.so, you should then be ready to test the module hasn't broken your system by reseting the sudo cache, and re-authenticating:
frodo ~ $ sudo -k
frodo ~ $ sudo su -
[sudo] password for skx:
root@frodo:~#
Assuming nothing is broken you should:
- Be prompted for your password.
- Only once.
- Receive your root-prompt.
- See the results of the module logged to syslog.
If things are horribly broken, such that you get segfaults or failures from this module then you will probably be unable to run sudo to fix them, so for the duration of any installation you should ensure you have an open terminal/connection with root privileges.
The module will log its results to syslog, search for pam_pwnd to see them.
The code makes a single outgoing HTTP-request for each authentication request:
- The outgoing request contains the first five characters of your hashed password.
- i.e. If you password is "secret" it is first hashed to
e5e9fa1ba31ecd1ae84f75caaa474f3a663f05f4. - Then an outgoing request is made with the characters
e5e9f.
- i.e. If you password is "secret" it is first hashed to
If the API-lookup request fails then we default to failing-open, allowing the authentication to proceed. (We assume other modules will actually validate the password, if we allowed a failure to invoke the API we'd deny all PAM-based operations in the event your DNS, networking, or similar things were broken.)
There are zero memory allocations in this module, which should ensure that we don't leak anything. Instead we generate a single temporary file to hold the results of our HTTP-response, and that temporary file is cleaned up after use.
There is a simple test-driver included in this project which exercises some of the code, it is not designed to be a complete test-case, nor to perform exhaustive testing.
If you're planning to submit pull-requests that change the code you should ensure the tests pass even with your additions:
$ make test
Bug reports welcome.
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