tahir-56ali / sql

SQL Commands

SQL Syntax and PDO Operations

SQL

Create Database

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS database_name

Drop Database

DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS database_name

Create Table

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS table_name (
  column_a Datatype Constraints,
  column_b Datatype Constraints,
);

Datatypes

Datatype	Description
INT(n)	Integer values
FLOAT(n, d)	Decimal values
VARCHAR(n)	String with max number of characters
TEXT	String with without set limit (max value of 65,535)
DATE('YYYY-MM-DD')	Year, month, and day
DATETIME('YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS')	Year, month, day, hour, minute, and second
TIMESTAMP('YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS')	Datetime corresponding to UNIX epoch time

Constraints

Constraint	Description
PRIMARY KEY	Unique identifier
AUTO_INCREMENT	Integer value is automatically added and incremented
UNIQUE	Value must be unique
NOT NULL	Value cannot be NULL
DEFAULT	Initialized with default value

Alter Table

 ALTER TABLE table_a
         ADD column_a DataType
ALTER COLUMN column_a DataType   
        DROP column_a
   RENAME TO table_b

Drop Table

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS table_name

Select Rows

   SELECT *, column_a, column_b, AggregateFunction(column_a)
       AS Alias
     FROM table_a
     JOIN table_b
       ON table_a.column_a = table_b.column_a
    WHERE Condition
      AND Condition
       OR Condition
      NOT Condition
 GROUP BY column_a
   HAVING Condition
 ORDER BY column_a
      ASC
     DESC
    LIMIT Count
   OFFSET Count

Select Distint Rows

SELECT DISTINCT column_name
           FROM table_name

Joins

Join	Description
(INNER) JOIN	Returns only matches from both tables
LEFT JOIN	Returns all entries from left table, and matches from right table
RIGHT JOIN	Returns all entries from right table, and matches from left table
FULL JOIN	Returns all entries from both tables

Aggregate Functions

Function	Description
COUNT(column)	Counts number of rows
SUM(column)	Adds all values
MIN(column)	Find the smallest value
MAX(column)	Find the largest value
AVG(column)	Find the average value

Conditions

Operator	Condition
=, !=	Equal, not equal
<, >,	Less than, greater than
<=, >=	Less/greater than or equal to
BETWEEN ... AND ...	Within range of two values
NOT BETWEEN ... AND ...	Not within range of two values
IN (...)	Exists in list
NOT IN (...)	Does not exist in list
LIKE	Case insensitive equality comparison
NOT LIKE	Case insensitive inequality comparison
%	Matches a sequence of characters
\_	Matches a single character
IS NULL	Value is null
IS NOT NULL	Value is not null
ANY (...)	If any values meet condition
ALL	If all values meet condition
EXISTS	If one or more records exist

Insert Rows

INSERT INTO table_name (column_a, column_b)
     VALUES ("value_1", "value_2")

Update Rows

UPDATE table_name
   SET column_a = "value_1"
       column_b = "value_2"
 WHERE Condition

Delete Rows

DELETE FROM table_name
      WHERE Condition

PDO

Open Connection

$host       = 'localhost';
$username   = 'root';
$password   = 'root';
$dbname     = 'pdo';
$dsn        = "mysql:host=$host;dbname=$dbname";
$options    = [
                PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
                PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false
              ];

$connection = new PDO($dsn, $username, $password, $options);

Datatypes

Datatype	Description
PDO::PARAM_BOOL	Represents a boolean data type
PDO::PARAM_NULL	Represents the SQL NULL data type
PDO::PARAM_INT	Represents the SQL INTEGER data type
PDO::PARAM_STR	Represents the SQL CHAR, VARCHAR, or other string data type

Select Rows

$sql = "SELECT * 
          FROM users
         WHERE location = :location";
         
$location = 'Chicago';

$statement = $connection->prepare($sql);
$statement->bindParam(':location', $location, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$statement->execute();

$rows = $statement->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

foreach ($rows as $row) {
  echo $row['location'];
} 

Insert Row

$sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email) 
             VALUES (:username, :email)";

$username = 'Tania';
$email = '[email protected]';

$statement = $connection->$prepare($sql);
$statement->bindValue(':username', $username, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$statement->bindValue(':email', $email, PDO::PARAM_STR);

$insert = $statement->execute();

Update Row

$user = [
  'username'  => 'Tania',
  'email'     => '[email protected]',
  'location'  => 'Chicago',
];

$sql = "UPDATE users 
           SET username = :username, 
               email = :email, 
               location = :location, 
         WHERE id = :id";
        
$statement = $connection->prepare($sql);
$statement->execute($user);

Delete Row

$sql = "DELETE FROM users 
              WHERE id = :id";

$statement = $connection->prepare($sql);
$statement->bindValue(':id', 5, PDO::PARAM_INT);
 
$delete = $statement->execute();