import threading

mydata = threading.local()
mydata.x = 'hello'

class Worker(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        mydata.x = self.name
        print mydata.x

w1, w2 = Worker(), Worker()
w1.start(); w2.start(); w1.join(); w1.join()

import threading

mydata = threading.local()
mydata.x = {}

class Worker(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        mydata.x['message'] = self.name
        print mydata.x['message']
w1, w2 = Worker(), Worker()
w1.start(); w2.start(); w1.join(); w2.join()

import threading

class MyData(threading.local):
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = {}

mydata = MyData()

class Worker(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        mydata.x['message'] = self.name
        print mydata.x['message']

w1, w2 = Worker(), Worker()
w1.start(); w2.start(); w1.join(); w2.join()

class Request(threading.local):
    """ Represents a single request using thread-local namespace. """

    def bind(self, environ):
        """ Binds the enviroment of the current request to this request handler """
        self._environ = environ
        self._GET = None
        self._POST = None
        self._GETPOST = None
        self._COOKIES = None
        self.path = self._environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/').strip()
        if not self.path.startswith('/'):
            self.path = '/' + self.path

#----------------------
request = Request()
#----------------------


def WSGIHandler(environ, start_response):
    """The bottle WSGI-handler."""
    global request
    global response
    request.bind(environ)
    response.bind()
    try:
        handler, args = match_url(request.path, request.method)
        if not handler:
            raise HTTPError(404, "Not found")
        output = handler(**args)
    except BreakTheBottle, shard:
        output = shard.output

@decorator
def func():
    pass

func = decorator(func)

@decorator_one
@decorator_two
def func():
    pass

func = decorator_one(decorator_two(func))

@decorator(arg1, arg2)
def func():
    pass

func = decorator(arg1,arg2)(func)

def wrapper(func):
    def wrapper_in(*args, **kwargs):
        # args是一个数组，kwargs一个字典
        print("%s is running" % func.__name__)
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapper_in

@wrapper
def func(parameter1, parameter2, key1=1):
    print("call func with {} {} {}".format(parameter1, parameter2, key1))


func("haha", None, key1=2)

# func is running
# call func with haha None 2

def log(level):
    def decorator(func):
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            if level == "warn":
                print("%s with warn is running" % func.__name__)
            elif level == "info":
                print("%s with info is running" % func.__name__)
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapper

    return decorator


@log("warn")
def foo(*args, **kwargs):
    print("args {}, kwargs{}".format(args, kwargs))

foo(1, 2, a = 3)

# foo with warn is running
# args (1, 2), kwargs{'a': 3}

def foo(name='foo'):
    print("args {}, kwargs{}".format(args, kwargs))

foo = log("warn")(foo)

def decorate(func):
   def wrapper(self):
       return "<p>{0}</p>".format(func(self))
   return wrapper

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = "John"
        self.family = "Doe"

    @decorate
    def get_fullname(self):
        return self.name+" "+self.family

my_person = Person()
print my_person.get_fullname()

# <p>John Doe</p>

def pecorate(func):
   def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
       return "<p>{0}</p>".format(func(*args, **kwargs))
   return wrapper

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = "John"
        self.family = "Doe"

    @pecorate
    def get_fullname(self):
        return self.name+" "+self.family

my_person = Person()

print my_person.get_fullname()

class EntryExit(object):

    def __init__(self, f):
        self.f = f

    def __call__(self):
        print "Entering", self.f.__name__
        self.f()
        print "Exited", self.f.__name__

@EntryExit
def func1():
    print "inside func1()"

@EntryExit
def func2():
    print "inside func2()"

def func3():
    pass

print type(EntryExit(None))
# func1 变为类实例
print type(func1)
print type(EntryExit)
# func3 是普通函数
print type(func3)
func1()
func2()

# <class '__main__.EntryExit'>
# <class '__main__.EntryExit'>
# <type 'type'>
# <type 'function'>
# Entering func1
# inside func1()
# Exited func1
# Entering func2
# inside func2()
# Exited func2

@EntryExit
def func1():
    print "inside func1()"

def func1():
    print "inside func1()"
# 此处可以看出 func1 是类EntryExit的一个实例
func1 = EntryExit(myfunc1)

register_handles = []


def route(url):
    global register_handles

    def register(handler):
        register_handles.append((".*$", [(url, handler)]))
        return handler

    return register

@route("/index")
class Index():
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("hi")

# Index 仍然为原来定义的类实例
# 相当于在定义类的同时调用装饰器函数 route， 将该类注册到全局路由 register_handles
@route("/main")
class Main():
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("hi")

print (register_handles)

print(type(Index))

# [('.*$', [('/index', <class __main__.Index at 0x0000000002A49828>)]), ('.*$', [('/main', <class __main__.Main at 0x0000000002FBABE8>)])]
# <type 'classobj'>

@route("/index")
class Index():
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("hi")

Index = route("/index")(Index)
# register 返回传入的 handler,故 Index 仍然为类对象

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.stack_context

ioloop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance()

times = 0

def callback():
    print 'run callback'
    raise ValueError('except in callback')


def async_task():
    global times
    times += 1
    print 'run async task {}'.format(times)
    ioloop.add_callback(callback=callback)


def main():
    try:
        async_task()
    except Exception as e:
        print 'main exception {}'.format(e)
    print 'end'

main()
ioloop.start()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.stack_context
import functools

ioloop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance()

times = 0

def callback():
    print 'run callback'
    raise ValueError('except in callback')

def wrapper(func):
    try:
        func()
    except Exception as e:
        print 'main exception {}'.format(e)

def async_task():
    global times
    times += 1
    print 'run async task {}'.format(times)
    # 使用 partial 生成新的函数
    # 最终 ioloop 调用的函数为 wrapper(callback)
    ioloop.add_callback(callback=functools.partial(wrapper, callback))

def main():
    try:
        async_task()
    except Exception as e:
        print 'main exception {}'.format(e)
    print 'end'

main()
ioloop.start()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.stack_context
import contextlib

ioloop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance()

times = 0

def callback():
    print 'Run callback'
    # 抛出的异常在 contextor 中被捕获
    raise ValueError('except in callback')

def async_task():
    global times
    times += 1
    print 'run async task {}'.format(times)
    # add_callback, 会用之前保存的 (StackContext, contextor)，创建一个对象 StackContext(contextor)
    # ioloop 回调的时候使用 
    # with StackContext(contextor)
    #   callback
    # 从而 callback 函数也在 contextor 函数中执行，从而能够在 contextor 中捕获异常
    # 从而实现 async_task() 函数在 contextor 中执行，其引发的异常（其实是 callback）同时在 contextor 被捕获
    ioloop.add_callback(callback=callback)

@contextlib.contextmanager
def contextor():
    print 'Enter contextor'
    try:
        yield
    except Exception as e:
        print 'Handler except'
        print 'exception {}'.format(e)
    finally:
        print 'Release'

def main():
    #使用StackContext包裹住contextor, 下面函数 async_task() 会在 contextor() 环境中执行
    stack_context = tornado.stack_context.StackContext(contextor)
    with stack_context:
        async_task()
    print 'End'


main()
ioloop.start()

class StackContext(object):
    def __init__(self, context_factory):
        self.context_factory = context_factory

    def __enter__(self):
        # contexts 入栈
        self.old_contexts = _state.contexts
        # _state.contexts is a tuple of (class, arg) pairs
        _state.contexts = (self.old_contexts + 
                           ((StackContext, self.context_factory),))
        try:
            self.context = self.context_factory()
            # 进入 context 对象的执行环境
            self.context.__enter__()
        except Exception:
            _state.contexts = self.old_contexts
            raise

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        try:
            return self.context.__exit__(type, value, traceback)
        finally:
            # contexts 出栈
            _state.contexts = self.old_contexts

def add_callback(self, callback):
    if not self._callbacks:
        self._wake()
        self._callbacks.append(stack_context.wrap(callback))

def start(self):
    if self._stopped:
        self._stopped = False
        return
    self._running = True
    while True:
        # Never use an infinite timeout here - it can stall epoll
        poll_timeout = 0.2

        callbacks = self._callbacks
        self._callbacks = []
        for callback in callbacks:
            # 调用注册的 callback
            self._run_callback(callback)

def _run_callback(self, callback):
    try:
        callback()
    except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
        raise
    except:
        self.handle_callback_exception(callback)

def wrap(fn):

    if fn is None or fn.__class__ is _StackContextWrapper:
        return fn
    # functools.wraps doesn't appear to work on functools.partial objects
    #@functools.wraps(fn)
    def wrapped(callback, contexts, *args, **kwargs):
        if contexts is _state.contexts or not contexts:
            callback(*args, **kwargs)
            return
        
        # 包裹callback, 生成 StackContext(context_factory()) 对象
        if not _state.contexts:
            new_contexts = [cls(arg) for (cls, arg) in contexts]

        elif (len(_state.contexts) > len(contexts) or
            any(a[1] is not b[1]
                for a, b in itertools.izip(_state.contexts, contexts))):
            # contexts have been removed or changed, so start over
            new_contexts = ([NullContext()] +
                            [cls(arg) for (cls,arg) in contexts])
        else:
            new_contexts = [cls(arg)
                            for (cls, arg) in contexts[len(_state.contexts):]]
        if len(new_contexts) > 1:
            with _nested(*new_contexts):
                callback(*args, **kwargs)
        elif new_contexts:
            # 执行 StackContext，调用 fn
            with new_contexts[0]:
                callback(*args, **kwargs)
        else:
            callback(*args, **kwargs)
    # 返回偏函数，绑定 fn, _state.contexts
    return _StackContextWrapper(wrapped, fn, _state.contexts)

class _StackContextWrapper(functools.partial):
    pass

import time
def countdown(n):
    while n > 0:
        print('T-minus', n)
        n -= 1
        time.sleep(5)

# Create and launch a thread
from threading import Thread
t = Thread(target=countdown, args=(10,))
t.start()

from threading import Thread

class CountdownTask:
    def __init__(self):
        self._running = True

    def terminate(self):
        self._running = False

    def run(self, n):
        while self._running and n > 0:
            print('T-minus', n)
            n -= 1
            time.sleep(5)

c = CountdownTask()
t = Thread(target=c.run, args=(10,))
t.start()
c.terminate() # Signal termination
t.join()      # Wait for actual termination (if needed)

import Queue
import threading
import time

task_queue = Queue.Queue()


class ThreadTest(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, queue):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.queue = queue

    def run(self):
        while True:
            msg = self.queue.get()
            print(msg)
            time.sleep(0.1)
            self.queue.task_done()


def main():
    start = time.time()
    # populate queue with data
    for i in range(100):
        task_queue.put("message")

    # spawn a pool of threads, and pass them queue instance
    for i in range(5):
        t = ThreadTest(task_queue)
        t.setDaemon(True)
        t.start()

    # wait on the queue until everything has been processed
    task_queue.join()
    print "Elapsed Time: {}".format(time.time() - start)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

def run(self):
    while not self.queue.empty():
        msg = self.queue.get()
        print(msg)
        time.sleep(0.1)
        self.queue.task_done()

class D:
    def f(self, name):
        print(self, name)
d=D()
d.f("hello")
D.f(d, "hello")


import types
from functools import wraps


def f_normal(self, name):
    print(self, name)


class BindFunction(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        wraps(func)(self)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.__wrapped__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        "Simulate func_descr_get() in Objects/funcobject.c"
        if obj is None:
            return self
        return types.MethodType(self,  obj)


class D:
    f = BindFunction(f_normal)

d = D()
d.f("world")
D.f(d, "world")

class BindFunction(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self.func = func

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        "Simulate func_descr_get() in Objects/funcobject.c"
        if obj is None:
            return self.func
        return types.MethodType(self.func,  obj)

class MyIOLoop:
    def __init__(self):
        self._callbacks = []

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls):
        if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
            cls._instance = cls()
        return cls._instance

    def add_callback(self, call_back):
        self._callbacks.append(call_back)

    def start(self):
        callbacks = self._callbacks
        self._callbacks = []
        for call_back in callbacks:
            call_back()

my_io_loop = MyIOLoop.instance()
times = 0


def call_func():
    print 'run call_func'
    raise ValueError('except in call_func')


def async_task():
    global times
    times += 1
    print 'run async task {}'.format(times)
    my_io_loop.add_callback(call_back=call_func)


def main():
    try:
        async_task()
    except Exception as e:
        print 'main exception {}'.format(e)
        print 'end'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    my_io_loop.start()

# run async task 1
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# run call_func
#   File "E:/learn/python/simple-python/stack_context_example.py", line 56, in <module>
#     my_io_loop.start()
#   File "E:/learn/python/simple-python/stack_context_example.py", line 26, in start
#     call_back()
#   File "E:/learn/python/simple-python/stack_context_example.py", line 36, in call_func
#     raise ValueError('except in call_func')
# ValueError: except in call_func

my_io_loop = MyIOLoop.instance()
times = 0


def call_func():
    print 'run call_func'
    raise ValueError('except in call_func')


def wrapper(func):
    try:
        func()
    except Exception as e:
        print 'wrapper exception {}'.format(e)


def async_task():
    global times
    times += 1
    print 'run async task {}'.format(times)
    my_io_loop.add_callback(call_back=functools.partial(wrapper, call_func))


def main():
    try:
        async_task()
    except Exception as e:
        print 'main exception {}'.format(e)
        print 'end'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    my_io_loop.start()

# run async task 1
# run call_func
# wrapper exception except in call_func

with MyStackContext(my_context):
    async_task()

def my_context():
    print '---enter my_context--->>'
    try:
        async_task()
    except Exception as e:
        print 'handler except: {}'.format(e)
    finally:
        print '<<---exit my_context ---'

import contextlib
import functools


class MyIOLoop:
    def __init__(self):
        self._callbacks = []

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls):
        if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
            cls._instance = cls()
        return cls._instance

    def add_callback(self, call_back):
        self._callbacks.append(wrap(call_back))

    def start(self):
        callbacks = self._callbacks
        self._callbacks = []
        for call_back in callbacks:
            self._call_back(call_back)

    @staticmethod
    def _call_back(func):
        func()


class MyStackContext(object):
    context_factory = []

    def __init__(self, context):
        if context:
            MyStackContext.context_factory.append(context)

    def __enter__(self):
        try:
            self.context = self.context_factory[0]()
            self.context.__enter__()
        except Exception:
            raise

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        try:
            return self.context.__exit__(type, value, traceback)
        finally:
            pass


def wrap(fn):
    def wrapped(callback, contexts, *args, **kwargs):
        context = contexts[0]()
        with context:
            callback(*args, **kwargs)

    contexts = MyStackContext.context_factory
    result = functools.partial(wrapped, fn, contexts)
    return result


my_io_loop = MyIOLoop.instance()

times = 0


def call_func():
    print 'run call_func'
    raise ValueError('except in call_func')


def async_task():
    global times
    times += 1
    print 'run async task {}'.format(times)
    my_io_loop.add_callback(call_back=call_func)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def my_context():
    print '---enter my_context--->>'
    try:
        yield
    except Exception as e:
        print 'handler except: {}'.format(e)
    finally:
        print '<<---exit my_context ---'


def main():
    with MyStackContext(my_context):
        async_task()
    print 'end main'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    my_io_loop.start()

# ---enter my_context--->>
# run async task 1
# <<---exit my_context ---
# end main
# ---enter my_context--->>
# run call_func
# handler except: except in call_func
# <<---exit my_context ---

import time
import bisect
import functools
from backports_abc import Generator as GeneratorType

@coroutine
def routine_main():
    yield routine_simple()

    yield sleep(1)

class Future(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._done = False
        self._callbacks = []
        self._result = None

    def _set_done(self):
        self._done = True
        for cb in self._callbacks:
            cb(self)
        self._callbacks = None

    def done(self):
        return self._done

    def add_done_callback(self, fn):
        if self._done:
            fn(self)
        else:
            self._callbacks.append(fn)

    def set_result(self, result):
        self._result = result
        self._set_done()

    def result(self):
        return self._result

class IOLoop(object):，
    def __init__(self):
        self._callbacks = []
        self._timers = []
        self._running = False

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls):
        if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
            cls._instance = cls()
        return cls._instance

    def add_future(self, future, callback):
        future.add_done_callback(
            lambda future: self.add_callback(functools.partial(callback, future)))

    def add_timeout(self, when, callback):
        bisect.insort(self._timers, (when, callback))

    def call_later(self, delay, callback):
        return self.add_timeout(time.time() + delay, callback)

    def add_callback(self, call_back):
        self._callbacks.append(call_back)

    def start(self):
        self._running = True
        while self._running:

            # 回调任务
            callbacks = self._callbacks
            self._callbacks = []
            for call_back in callbacks:
                call_back()

            # 定时器任务
            while self._timers and self._timers[0][0] < time.time():
                task = self._timers[0][1]
                del self._timers[0]
                task()

    def stop(self):
        self._running = False

    def run_sync(self, func):
        future_cell = [None]

        def run():
            try:
                future_cell[0] = func()
            except Exception:
                pass

            self.add_future(future_cell[0], lambda future: self.stop())

        self.add_callback(run)

        self.start()
        return future_cell[0].result()

def coroutine(func):
    return _make_coroutine_wrapper(func)

# 每个协程都有一个 future， 代表当前协程的运行状态
def _make_coroutine_wrapper(func):
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        future = Future()

        try:
            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        except (Return, StopIteration) as e:
            result = _value_from_stopiteration(e)
        except Exception:
            return future
        else:
            if isinstance(result, GeneratorType):
                try:
                    yielded = next(result)
                except (StopIteration, Return) as e:
                    future.set_result(_value_from_stopiteration(e))
                except Exception:
                    pass
                else:
                    Runner(result, future, yielded)
                try:
                    return future
                finally:
                    future = None
        future.set_result(result)
        return future
    return wrapper

try:
    yielded = gen.send(value)
except Return as e:

class Return(Exception):
    def __init__(self, value=None):
        super(Return, self).__init__()
        self.value = value
        self.args = (value,)

class Runner(object):
    def __init__(self, gen, result_future, first_yielded):
        self.gen = gen
        self.result_future = result_future
        self.io_loop = IOLoop.instance()
        self.running = False
        self.future = None

        if self.handle_yield(first_yielded):
            self.run()

    def run(self):
        try:
            self.running = True
            while True:

                try:
                    # 每一个 yield 处看做一个协程，对应一个 Future
                    # 将该协程的结果 send 出去
                    # 这样外层形如  ret = yiled coroutine_func() 能够获取到协程的返回数据
                    value = self.future.result()
                    yielded = self.gen.send(value)
                except (StopIteration, Return) as e:
                    # 协程执行完成，不再注册回调
                    self.result_future.set_result(_value_from_stopiteration(e))
                    self.result_future = None
                    return
                except Exception:
                    return
                # 协程未执行结束，继续使用 self.run() 进行驱动
                if not self.handle_yield(yielded):
                    return
        finally:
            self.running = False

    def handle_yield(self, yielded):
        self.future = yielded
        if not self.future.done():
            # 给 future 增加执行结束回调函数，这样，外部使用 future.set_result 时会调用该回调
            # 而该回调是把 self.run() 注册到 IOLoop 的事件循环
            # 所以，future.set_result 会把 self.run() 注册到 IOLoop 的事件循环，从而在下一个事件循环中调用
            self.io_loop.add_future(
                self.future, lambda f: self.run())
            return False
        return True

def sleep(duration):
    f = Future()
    IOLoop.instance().call_later(duration, lambda: f.set_result(None))
    return f

@coroutine
def routine_ur(url, wait):
    yield sleep(wait)
    print('routine_ur {} took {}s to get!'.format(url, wait))


@coroutine
def routine_url_with_return(url, wait):
    yield sleep(wait)
    print('routine_url_with_return {} took {}s to get!'.format(url, wait))
    raise Return((url, wait))

# 非生成器协程，不会为之生成单独的 Runner()
# coroutine 运行结束后，直接返回一个已经执行结束的 future
@coroutine
def routine_simple():
    print("it is simple routine")

@coroutine
def routine_simple_return():
    print("it is simple routine with return")
    raise Return("value from routine_simple_return")

@coroutine
def routine_main():
    yield routine_simple()

    yield routine_ur("url0", 1)

    ret = yield routine_simple_return()
    print(ret)

    ret = yield routine_url_with_return("url1", 1)
    print(ret)

    ret = yield routine_url_with_return("url2", 2)
    print(ret)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    IOLoop.instance().run_sync(routine_main)

@contextlib.contextmanager
def die_on_error():
    try:
        yield
    except:
        logging.error("exception in asynchronous operation",exc_info=True)
        sys.exit(1)

with StackContext(die_on_error):
    # Any exception thrown here *or in callback and its desendents*
    # will cause the process to exit instead of spinning endlessly
    # in the ioloop.
    http_client.fetch(url, callback)
ioloop.start()

from __future__ import with_statement

import contextlib
import functools
import itertools
import logging
import threading

class _State(threading.local):
    def __init__(self):
        self.contexts = ()
_state = _State()

class StackContext(object):
    def __init__(self, context_factory):
        self.context_factory = context_factory


    def __enter__(self):
        self.old_contexts = _state.contexts
        _state.contexts = (self.old_contexts +
                           ((StackContext, self.context_factory),))
        try:
            self.context = self.context_factory()
            self.context.__enter__()
        except Exception:
            _state.contexts = self.old_contexts
            raise

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        try:
            return self.context.__exit__(type, value, traceback)
        finally:
            _state.contexts = self.old_contexts

from tornado import ioloop
import tornado.stack_context
import contextlib

ioloop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance()

@contextlib.contextmanager
def context_without_catch():
    print("enter context")
    yield
    print("exit context")


def exception_handler(type, value, traceback):
    print "catch uncaught exception:", type, value, traceback
    return True

def main():
    with tornado.stack_context.ExceptionStackContext(exception_handler):
        with tornado.stack_context.StackContext(context_without_catch):
            print 0 / 0

main()
# enter context
# catch uncaught exception: <type 'exceptions.ZeroDivisionError'> integer division or modulo by zero <traceback object at 0x0000000003321FC8>

class ExceptionStackContext(object):
    def __init__(self, exception_handler):
        self.exception_handler = exception_handler

    def __enter__(self):
        self.old_contexts = _state.contexts
        _state.contexts = (self.old_contexts +
                           ((ExceptionStackContext, self.exception_handler),))

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        try:
            if type is not None:
                return self.exception_handler(type, value, traceback)
        finally:
            _state.contexts = self.old_contexts

class NullContext(object):
    def __enter__(self):
        self.old_contexts = _state.contexts
        _state.contexts = ()

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        _state.contexts = self.old_contexts

def wrap(fn):
    if fn is None:
      return None

    def wrapped(callback, contexts, *args, **kwargs):
        # 函数实际调用时，上下文环境发生了变化，与`contexts = _state.contexts`已经有所不同
        if (len(_state.contexts) > len(contexts) or
            any(a[1] is not b[1]
                for a, b in itertools.izip(_state.contexts, contexts))):
            # contexts have been removed or changed, so start over
            new_contexts = ([NullContext()] +
                            [cls(arg) for (cls,arg) in contexts])
        else:
            new_contexts = [cls(arg)
                            for (cls, arg) in contexts[len(_state.contexts):]]
        if len(new_contexts) > 1:
            with contextlib.nested(*new_contexts):
                callback(*args, **kwargs)
        elif new_contexts:
            with new_contexts[0]:
                callback(*args, **kwargs)
        else:
            callback(*args, **kwargs)
    if getattr(fn, 'stack_context_wrapped', False):
        return fn

    # 保存上下文环境
    contexts = _state.contexts
    result = functools.partial(wrapped, fn, contexts)
    result.stack_context_wrapped = True
    return result

from tornado import ioloop
from tornado import iostream
import socket


def send_request():
    stream.write("GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: baidu.com\r\n\r\n")
    stream.read_until("\r\n\r\n", on_headers)


def on_headers(data):
    headers = {}
    for line in data.split("\r\n"):
        parts = line.split(":")
        if len(parts) == 2:
            headers[parts[0].strip()] = parts[1].strip()
    stream.read_bytes(int(headers["Content-Length"]), on_body)


def on_body(data):
    print data
    stream.close()
    ioloop.IOLoop.instance().stop()


s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
stream = iostream.IOStream(s)
stream.connect(("baidu.com", 80), send_request)
ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()


# html>
# <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;        url=http://www.baidu.com/">
# </html>

from __future__ import with_statement

import collections
import errno
import logging
import socket
import sys

from tornado import ioloop
from tornado import stack_context

try:
    import ssl # Python 2.6+
except ImportError:
    ssl = None

class IOStream(object):

    def __init__(self, socket, io_loop=None, max_buffer_size=104857600,
                 read_chunk_size=4096):
        self.socket = socket
        self.socket.setblocking(False)
        self.io_loop = io_loop or ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
        self.max_buffer_size = max_buffer_size
        self.read_chunk_size = read_chunk_size
        self._read_buffer = collections.deque()
        self._write_buffer = collections.deque()
        self._write_buffer_frozen = False
        self._read_delimiter = None
        self._read_bytes = None
        self._read_callback = None
        self._write_callback = None
        self._close_callback = None
        self._connect_callback = None
        self._connecting = False
        self._state = self.io_loop.ERROR
        with stack_context.NullContext():
            self.io_loop.add_handler(
                self.socket.fileno(), self._handle_events, self._state)

    def connect(self, address, callback=None):
        """Connects the socket to a remote address without blocking.

        May only be called if the socket passed to the constructor was
        not previously connected.  The address parameter is in the
        same format as for socket.connect, i.e. a (host, port) tuple.
        If callback is specified, it will be called when the
        connection is completed.

        Note that it is safe to call IOStream.write while the
        connection is pending, in which case the data will be written
        as soon as the connection is ready.  Calling IOStream read
        methods before the socket is connected works on some platforms
        but is non-portable.
        """
        self._connecting = True
        try:
            self.socket.connect(address)
        except socket.error, e:
            # In non-blocking mode connect() always raises an exception
            if e.args[0] not in (errno.EINPROGRESS, errno.EWOULDBLOCK):
                raise
        self._connect_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
        self._add_io_state(self.io_loop.WRITE)

    def read_until(self, delimiter, callback):
        """Call callback when we read the given delimiter."""
        assert not self._read_callback, "Already reading"
        self._read_delimiter = delimiter
        self._read_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
        while True:
            # See if we've already got the data from a previous read
            if self._read_from_buffer():
                return
            self._check_closed()
            if self._read_to_buffer() == 0:
                break
        self._add_io_state(self.io_loop.READ)

    def read_bytes(self, num_bytes, callback):
        """Call callback when we read the given number of bytes."""
        assert not self._read_callback, "Already reading"
        if num_bytes == 0:
            callback("")
            return
        self._read_bytes = num_bytes
        self._read_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
        while True:
            if self._read_from_buffer():
                return
            self._check_closed()
            if self._read_to_buffer() == 0:
                break
        self._add_io_state(self.io_loop.READ)

    def write(self, data, callback=None):
        """Write the given data to this stream.

        If callback is given, we call it when all of the buffered write
        data has been successfully written to the stream. If there was
        previously buffered write data and an old write callback, that
        callback is simply overwritten with this new callback.
        """
        self._check_closed()
        self._write_buffer.append(data)
        self._add_io_state(self.io_loop.WRITE)
        self._write_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)

    def set_close_callback(self, callback):
        """Call the given callback when the stream is closed."""
        self._close_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)

    def close(self):
        """Close this stream."""
        if self.socket is not None:
            self.io_loop.remove_handler(self.socket.fileno())
            self.socket.close()
            self.socket = None
            if self._close_callback:
                self._run_callback(self._close_callback)

    def reading(self):
        """Returns true if we are currently reading from the stream."""
        return self._read_callback is not None

    def writing(self):
        """Returns true if we are currently writing to the stream."""
        return bool(self._write_buffer)

    def closed(self):
        return self.socket is None

# HTTPServer.\_handle_events
# connection 为已经accept的连接
stream = iostream.IOStream(connection, io_loop=self.io_loop)

    def _handle_events(self, fd, events):
        if not self.socket:
            logging.warning("Got events for closed stream %d", fd)
            return
        try:
            # 处理读事件，调用已注册回调
            if events & self.io_loop.READ:
                self._handle_read()
            if not self.socket:
                return
            # 处理写事件，如果是刚建立连接，调用连接建立回调
            if events & self.io_loop.WRITE:
                if self._connecting:
                    self._handle_connect()
                self._handle_write()
            if not self.socket:
                return
            # 错误事件，关闭 socket
            if events & self.io_loop.ERROR:
                self.close()
                return
            state = self.io_loop.ERROR
            if self.reading():
                state |= self.io_loop.READ
            if self.writing():
                state |= self.io_loop.WRITE
            if state != self._state:
                self._state = state
                self.io_loop.update_handler(self.socket.fileno(), self._state)
        except:
            logging.error("Uncaught exception, closing connection.",
                          exc_info=True)
            self.close()
            raise

    def _run_callback(self, callback, *args, **kwargs):
        try:
            # Use a NullContext to ensure that all StackContexts are run
            # inside our blanket exception handler rather than outside.
            with stack_context.NullContext():
                callback(*args, **kwargs)
        except:
            logging.error("Uncaught exception, closing connection.",
                          exc_info=True)
            # Close the socket on an uncaught exception from a user callback
            # (It would eventually get closed when the socket object is
            # gc'd, but we don't want to rely on gc happening before we
            # run out of file descriptors)
            self.close()
            # Re-raise the exception so that IOLoop.handle_callback_exception
            # can see it and log the error
            raise

    def _handle_read(self):
        while True:
            try:
                # Read from the socket until we get EWOULDBLOCK or equivalent.
                # SSL sockets do some internal buffering, and if the data is
                # sitting in the SSL object's buffer select() and friends
                # can't see it; the only way to find out if it's there is to
                # try to read it.
                result = self._read_to_buffer()
            except Exception:
                self.close()
                return
            if result == 0:
                break
            else:
                if self._read_from_buffer():
                    return

    def _read_from_socket(self):
        """Attempts to read from the socket.

        Returns the data read or None if there is nothing to read.
        May be overridden in subclasses.
        """
        try:
            chunk = self.socket.recv(self.read_chunk_size)
        except socket.error, e:
            if e.args[0] in (errno.EWOULDBLOCK, errno.EAGAIN):
                return None
            else:
                raise
        if not chunk:
            self.close()
            return None
        return chunk

    def _read_to_buffer(self):
        """Reads from the socket and appends the result to the read buffer.

        Returns the number of bytes read.  Returns 0 if there is nothing
        to read (i.e. the read returns EWOULDBLOCK or equivalent).  On
        error closes the socket and raises an exception.
        """
        try:
            chunk = self._read_from_socket()
        except socket.error, e:
            # ssl.SSLError is a subclass of socket.error
            logging.warning("Read error on %d: %s",
                            self.socket.fileno(), e)
            self.close()
            raise
        if chunk is None:
            return 0
        self._read_buffer.append(chunk)
        if self._read_buffer_size() >= self.max_buffer_size:
            logging.error("Reached maximum read buffer size")
            self.close()
            raise IOError("Reached maximum read buffer size")
        return len(chunk)

    def _read_from_buffer(self):
        """Attempts to complete the currently-pending read from the buffer.

        Returns True if the read was completed.
        """
        if self._read_bytes:
            if self._read_buffer_size() >= self._read_bytes:
                num_bytes = self._read_bytes
                callback = self._read_callback
                self._read_callback = None
                self._read_bytes = None
                self._run_callback(callback, self._consume(num_bytes))
                return True
        elif self._read_delimiter:
            _merge_prefix(self._read_buffer, sys.maxint)
            loc = self._read_buffer[0].find(self._read_delimiter)
            if loc != -1:
                callback = self._read_callback
                delimiter_len = len(self._read_delimiter)
                self._read_callback = None
                self._read_delimiter = None
                self._run_callback(callback,
                                   self._consume(loc + delimiter_len))
                return True
        return False

    def _handle_connect(self):
        if self._connect_callback is not None:
            callback = self._connect_callback
            self._connect_callback = None
            self._run_callback(callback)
        self._connecting = False

    def _handle_write(self):
        while self._write_buffer:
            try:
                if not self._write_buffer_frozen:
                    # On windows, socket.send blows up if given a
                    # write buffer that's too large, instead of just
                    # returning the number of bytes it was able to
                    # process.  Therefore we must not call socket.send
                    # with more than 128KB at a time.
                    _merge_prefix(self._write_buffer, 128 * 1024)
                num_bytes = self.socket.send(self._write_buffer[0])
                self._write_buffer_frozen = False
                _merge_prefix(self._write_buffer, num_bytes)
                self._write_buffer.popleft()
            except socket.error, e:
                if e.args[0] in (errno.EWOULDBLOCK, errno.EAGAIN):
                    # With OpenSSL, after send returns EWOULDBLOCK,
                    # the very same string object must be used on the
                    # next call to send.  Therefore we suppress
                    # merging the write buffer after an EWOULDBLOCK.
                    # A cleaner solution would be to set
                    # SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER, but this is
                    # not yet accessible from python
                    # (http://bugs.python.org/issue8240)
                    self._write_buffer_frozen = True
                    break
                else:
                    logging.warning("Write error on %d: %s",
                                    self.socket.fileno(), e)
                    self.close()
                    return
        if not self._write_buffer and self._write_callback:
            callback = self._write_callback
            self._write_callback = None
            self._run_callback(callback)

    def _consume(self, loc):
        _merge_prefix(self._read_buffer, loc)
        return self._read_buffer.popleft()

    def _check_closed(self):
        if not self.socket:
            raise IOError("Stream is closed")

    def _add_io_state(self, state):
        if self.socket is None:
            # connection has been closed, so there can be no future events
            return
        if not self._state & state:
            self._state = self._state | state
            self.io_loop.update_handler(self.socket.fileno(), self._state)

    def _read_buffer_size(self):
        return sum(len(chunk) for chunk in self._read_buffer)


class SSLIOStream(IOStream):
    """A utility class to write to and read from a non-blocking socket.

    If the socket passed to the constructor is already connected,
    it should be wrapped with
        ssl.wrap_socket(sock, do_handshake_on_connect=False, **kwargs)
    before constructing the SSLIOStream.  Unconnected sockets will be
    wrapped when IOStream.connect is finished.
    """
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Creates an SSLIOStream.

        If a dictionary is provided as keyword argument ssl_options,
        it will be used as additional keyword arguments to ssl.wrap_socket.
        """
        self._ssl_options = kwargs.pop('ssl_options', {})
        super(SSLIOStream, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._ssl_accepting = True
        self._handshake_reading = False
        self._handshake_writing = False

    def reading(self):
        return self._handshake_reading or super(SSLIOStream, self).reading()

    def writing(self):
        return self._handshake_writing or super(SSLIOStream, self).writing()

    def _do_ssl_handshake(self):
        # Based on code from test_ssl.py in the python stdlib
        try:
            self._handshake_reading = False
            self._handshake_writing = False
            self.socket.do_handshake()
        except ssl.SSLError, err:
            if err.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
                self._handshake_reading = True
                return
            elif err.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
                self._handshake_writing = True
                return
            elif err.args[0] in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF,
                                 ssl.SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN):
                return self.close()
            elif err.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_SSL:
                logging.warning("SSL Error on %d: %s", self.socket.fileno(), err)
                return self.close()
            raise
        except socket.error, err:
            if err.args[0] == errno.ECONNABORTED:
                return self.close()
        else:
            self._ssl_accepting = False
            super(SSLIOStream, self)._handle_connect()

    def _handle_read(self):
        if self._ssl_accepting:
            self._do_ssl_handshake()
            return
        super(SSLIOStream, self)._handle_read()

    def _handle_write(self):
        if self._ssl_accepting:
            self._do_ssl_handshake()
            return
        super(SSLIOStream, self)._handle_write()

    def _handle_connect(self):
        self.socket = ssl.wrap_socket(self.socket,
                                      do_handshake_on_connect=False,
                                      **self._ssl_options)
        # Don't call the superclass's _handle_connect (which is responsible
        # for telling the application that the connection is complete)
        # until we've completed the SSL handshake (so certificates are
        # available, etc).


    def _read_from_socket(self):
        try:
            # SSLSocket objects have both a read() and recv() method,
            # while regular sockets only have recv().
            # The recv() method blocks (at least in python 2.6) if it is
            # called when there is nothing to read, so we have to use
            # read() instead.
            chunk = self.socket.read(self.read_chunk_size)
        except ssl.SSLError, e:
            # SSLError is a subclass of socket.error, so this except
            # block must come first.
            if e.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
                return None
            else:
                raise
        except socket.error, e:
            if e.args[0] in (errno.EWOULDBLOCK, errno.EAGAIN):
                return None
            else:
                raise
        if not chunk:
            self.close()
            return None
        return chunk

def _merge_prefix(deque, size):
    """Replace the first entries in a deque of strings with a single
    string of up to size bytes.

    >>> d = collections.deque(['abc', 'de', 'fghi', 'j'])
    >>> _merge_prefix(d, 5); print d
    deque(['abcde', 'fghi', 'j'])

    Strings will be split as necessary to reach the desired size.
    >>> _merge_prefix(d, 7); print d
    deque(['abcdefg', 'hi', 'j'])

    >>> _merge_prefix(d, 3); print d
    deque(['abc', 'defg', 'hi', 'j'])

    >>> _merge_prefix(d, 100); print d
    deque(['abcdefghij'])
    """
    prefix = []
    remaining = size
    while deque and remaining > 0:
        chunk = deque.popleft()
        if len(chunk) > remaining:
            deque.appendleft(chunk[remaining:])
            chunk = chunk[:remaining]
        prefix.append(chunk)
        remaining -= len(chunk)
    deque.appendleft(''.join(prefix))

def doctests():
    import doctest
    return doctest.DocTestSuite()

import json
from collections import namedtuple

data = '{"name": "John Smith", "hometown": {"name": "New York", "id": 123}}'

# Parse JSON into an object with attributes corresponding to dict keys.
x = json.loads(data, object_hook=lambda d: namedtuple('X', d.keys())(*d.values()))
print x.name, x.hometown.name, x.hometown.id

json.dumps(x._asdict())

def _json_object_hook(d): return namedtuple('X', d.keys())(*d.values())
def json2obj(data): return json.loads(data, object_hook=_json_object_hook)

x = json2obj(data)

class JSONObject:
    def __init__(self, d):
        self.__dict__ = d

data = '{"name": "John Smith", "hometown": {"name": "New York", "id": 123}}'

a = json.loads(data,
               object_hook=JSONObject)

a.name = "changed"
print a.name

print getattr(a.hometown, 'id', 321)
# 123
print getattr(a.hometown, 'id1', 321)
# 321

try:
    print a.hometown.id2
except AttributeError as ex:
    print ex

x = data.get('first', {}).get('second', {}).get('third', None)

def multi_getattr(obj, attr, default = None):
    """
    Get a named attribute from an object; multi_getattr(x, 'a.b.c.d') is
    equivalent to x.a.b.c.d. When a default argument is given, it is
    returned when any attribute in the chain doesn't exist; without
    it, an exception is raised when a missing attribute is encountered.

    """
    attributes = attr.split(".")
    for i in attributes:
        try:
            obj = getattr(obj, i)
        except AttributeError:
            if default:
                return default
            else:
                raise
    return obj

print multi_getattr(a, "hometown.name")
# New York
print multi_getattr(a, "hometown.name1", "abc")
# abc

# coding=utf-8
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import collections
import operator

_default_stub = object()


def deep_get(obj, path, default=_default_stub, separator='.'):
    """Gets arbitrarily nested attribute or item value.

    Args:
        obj: Object to search in.
        path (str, hashable, iterable of hashables): Arbitrarily nested path in obj hierarchy.
        default: Default value. When provided it is returned if the path doesn't exist.
            Otherwise the call raises a LookupError.
        separator: String to split path by.

    Returns:
        Value at path.

    Raises:
        LookupError: If object at path doesn't exist.

    Examples:
        >>> deep_get({'a': 1}, 'a')
        1

        >>> deep_get({'a': 1}, 'b')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
        LookupError: {u'a': 1} has no element at 'b'

        >>> deep_get(['a', 'b', 'c'], -1)
        u'c'

        >>> deep_get({'a': [{'b': [1, 2, 3]}, 'some string']}, 'a.0.b')
        [1, 2, 3]

        >>> class A(object):
        ...     def __init__(self):
        ...         self.x = self
        ...         self.y = {'a': 10}
        ...
        >>> deep_get(A(), 'x.x.x.x.x.x.y.a')
        10

        >>> deep_get({'a.b': {'c': 1}}, 'a.b.c')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
        LookupError: {u'a.b': {u'c': 1}} has no element at 'a'

        >>> deep_get({'a.b': {'Привет': 1}}, ['a.b', 'Привет'])
        1

        >>> deep_get({'a.b': {'Привет': 1}}, 'a.b/Привет', separator='/')
        1

    """
    if isinstance(path, basestring):
        attributes = path.split(separator)
    elif isinstance(path, collections.Iterable):
        attributes = path
    else:
        attributes = [path]

    LOOKUPS = [getattr, operator.getitem, lambda obj, i: obj[int(i)]]
    try:
        for i in attributes:
            for lookup in LOOKUPS:
                try:
                    obj = lookup(obj, i)
                    break
                except (TypeError, AttributeError, IndexError, KeyError,
                        UnicodeEncodeError, ValueError):
                    pass
            else:
                msg = "{obj} has no element at '{i}'".format(obj=obj, i=i)
                raise LookupError(msg.encode('utf8'))
    except Exception:
        if _default_stub != default:
            return default
        raise
    return obj

include myapp/scripts/start.py
recursive-include myapp/static *

setup(
    name='MyApp',         # 应用名
    version='1.0',        # 版本号
    packages=['myapp'],   # 包括在安装包内的Python包
    include_package_data=True    # 启用清单文件MANIFEST.in
)

data_files=[('bitmaps', ['bm/b1.gif', 'bm/b2.gif']),
            ('config', ['cfg/data.cfg']),
            ('/etc/init.d', ['init-script'])]

class UploadCommand(Command):
    """Support setup.py upload."""
    ...

    def run(self):
        try:
            self.status('Removing previous builds…')
            rmtree(os.path.join(here, 'dist'))
        except OSError:
            pass

        self.status('Building Source and Wheel (universal) distribution…')
        os.system('{0} setup.py sdist bdist_wheel --universal'.format(sys.executable))

        self.status('Uploading the package to PyPI via Twine…')
        os.system('twine upload dist/*')

        self.status('Pushing git tags…')
        os.system('git tag v{0}'.format(about['__version__']))
        os.system('git push --tags')

        sys.exit()

setup(
    ...
    # $ setup.py publish support.
    cmdclass={
        'upload': UploadCommand,
    },
)

#!/home/turtlebot/learn/python/legit/venv/bin/python

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re
import sys

from legit.cli import cli

if __name__ == '__main__':
    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw?|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
    sys.exit(cli())

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import os
import sys
from codecs import open  # To use a consistent encoding

from setuptools import setup  # Always prefer setuptools over distutils

APP_NAME = 'legit'
APP_SCRIPT = './legit_r'
VERSION = '1.0.1'


# Grab requirements.
with open('reqs.txt') as f:
    required = f.readlines()


settings = dict()


# Publish Helper.
if sys.argv[-1] == 'publish':
    os.system('python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel upload')
    sys.exit()


if sys.argv[-1] == 'build_manpage':
    os.system('rst2man.py README.rst > extra/man/legit.1')
    sys.exit()


# Build Helper.
if sys.argv[-1] == 'build':
    import py2exe  # noqa
    sys.argv.append('py2exe')

    settings.update(
        console=[{'script': APP_SCRIPT}],
        zipfile=None,
        options={
            'py2exe': {
                'compressed': 1,
                'optimize': 0,
                'bundle_files': 1}})

settings.update(
    name=APP_NAME,
    version=VERSION,
    description='Git for Humans.',
    long_description=open('README.rst').read(),
    author='Kenneth Reitz',
    author_email='[email protected]',
    url='https://github.com/kennethreitz/legit',
    packages=['legit'],
    install_requires=required,
    license='BSD',
    classifiers=[
        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
        'Natural Language :: English',
        'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
        'Programming Language :: Python',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
    ],
    entry_points={
        'console_scripts': [
            'legit = legit.cli:cli',
        ],
    }
)


setup(**settings)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Note: To use the 'upload' functionality of this file, you must:
#   $ pip install twine

import io
import os
import sys
from shutil import rmtree

from setuptools import find_packages, setup, Command

# Package meta-data.
NAME = 'mypackage'
DESCRIPTION = 'My short description for my project.'
URL = 'https://github.com/me/myproject'
EMAIL = '[email protected]'
AUTHOR = 'Awesome Soul'
REQUIRES_PYTHON = '>=3.6.0'
VERSION = None

# What packages are required for this module to be executed?
REQUIRED = [
    # 'requests', 'maya', 'records',
]

# What packages are optional?
EXTRAS = {
    # 'fancy feature': ['django'],
}

# The rest you shouldn't have to touch too much :)
# ------------------------------------------------
# Except, perhaps the License and Trove Classifiers!
# If you do change the License, remember to change the Trove Classifier for that!

here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))

# Import the README and use it as the long-description.
# Note: this will only work if 'README.md' is present in your MANIFEST.in file!
try:
    with io.open(os.path.join(here, 'README.md'), encoding='utf-8') as f:
        long_description = '\n' + f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    long_description = DESCRIPTION

# Load the package's __version__.py module as a dictionary.
about = {}
if not VERSION:
    with open(os.path.join(here, NAME, '__version__.py')) as f:
        exec(f.read(), about)
else:
    about['__version__'] = VERSION


class UploadCommand(Command):
    """Support setup.py upload."""

    description = 'Build and publish the package.'
    user_options = []

    @staticmethod
    def status(s):
        """Prints things in bold."""
        print('\033[1m{0}\033[0m'.format(s))

    def initialize_options(self):
        pass

    def finalize_options(self):
        pass

    def run(self):
        try:
            self.status('Removing previous builds…')
            rmtree(os.path.join(here, 'dist'))
        except OSError:
            pass

        self.status('Building Source and Wheel (universal) distribution…')
        os.system('{0} setup.py sdist bdist_wheel --universal'.format(sys.executable))

        self.status('Uploading the package to PyPI via Twine…')
        os.system('twine upload dist/*')

        self.status('Pushing git tags…')
        os.system('git tag v{0}'.format(about['__version__']))
        os.system('git push --tags')

        sys.exit()


# Where the magic happens:
setup(
    name=NAME,
    version=about['__version__'],
    description=DESCRIPTION,
    long_description=long_description,
    long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
    author=AUTHOR,
    author_email=EMAIL,
    python_requires=REQUIRES_PYTHON,
    url=URL,
    packages=find_packages(exclude=('tests',)),
    # If your package is a single module, use this instead of 'packages':
    # py_modules=['mypackage'],

    # entry_points={
    #     'console_scripts': ['mycli=mymodule:cli'],
    # },
    install_requires=REQUIRED,
    extras_require=EXTRAS,
    include_package_data=True,
    license='MIT',
    classifiers=[
        # Trove classifiers
        # Full list: https://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=list_classifiers
        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
        'Programming Language :: Python',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy'
    ],
    # $ setup.py publish support.
    cmdclass={
        'upload': UploadCommand,
    },
)