Table of contents
- Overview
- Installation
- Usage
- Document
- Issues & Bug Reports
- Todo
- Outputs
- Dependencies
- Contribution
- References
- Cite
- Authors
- License
- Donate
- Changelog
Overview
PyCM is a multi-class confusion matrix library written in Python that supports both input data vectors and direct matrix, and a proper tool for post-classification model evaluation that supports most classes and overall statistics parameters. PyCM is the swiss-army knife of confusion matrices, targeted mainly at data scientists that need a broad array of metrics for predictive models and an accurate evaluation of large variety of classifiers.
Fig1. PyCM Block Diagram
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Installation
Source Code
- Download Version 1.0 or Latest Source
- Run
pip install -r requirements.txtorpip3 install -r requirements.txt(Need root access) - Run
python3 setup.py installorpython setup.py install(Need root access)
PyPI
- Check Python Packaging User Guide
- Run
pip install pycm --upgradeorpip3 install pycm --upgrade(Need root access)
Easy Install
- Run
easy_install --upgrade pycm(Need root access)
Usage
From Vector
>>> from pycm import *
>>> y_actu = [2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2] # or y_actu = numpy.array([2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2])
>>> y_pred = [0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2] # or y_pred = numpy.array([0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2])
>>> cm = ConfusionMatrix(actual_vector=y_actu, predict_vector=y_pred) # Create CM From Data
>>> cm.classes
[0, 1, 2]
>>> cm.table
{0: {0: 3, 1: 0, 2: 0}, 1: {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2}, 2: {0: 2, 1: 1, 2: 3}}
>>> print(cm)
Predict 0 1 2
Actual
0 3 0 0
1 0 1 2
2 2 1 3
Overall Statistics :
95% CI (0.30439,0.86228)
Bennett_S 0.375
Chi-Squared 6.6
Chi-Squared DF 4
Conditional Entropy 0.95915
Cramer_V 0.5244
Cross Entropy 1.59352
Gwet_AC1 0.38931
Hamming Loss 0.41667
Joint Entropy 2.45915
KL Divergence 0.09352
Kappa 0.35484
Kappa 95% CI (-0.07708,0.78675)
Kappa No Prevalence 0.16667
Kappa Standard Error 0.22036
Kappa Unbiased 0.34426
Lambda A 0.16667
Lambda B 0.42857
Mutual Information 0.52421
Overall_ACC 0.58333
Overall_J (1.225,0.40833)
Overall_RACC 0.35417
Overall_RACCU 0.36458
PPV_Macro 0.56667
PPV_Micro 0.58333
Phi-Squared 0.55
Reference Entropy 1.5
Response Entropy 1.48336
Scott_PI 0.34426
Standard Error 0.14232
Strength_Of_Agreement(Altman) Fair
Strength_Of_Agreement(Cicchetti) Poor
Strength_Of_Agreement(Fleiss) Poor
Strength_Of_Agreement(Landis and Koch) Fair
TPR_Macro 0.61111
TPR_Micro 0.58333
Class Statistics :
Classes 0 1 2
ACC(Accuracy) 0.83333 0.75 0.58333
BM(Informedness or bookmaker informedness) 0.77778 0.22222 0.16667
DOR(Diagnostic odds ratio) None 4.0 2.0
ERR(Error rate) 0.16667 0.25 0.41667
F0.5(F0.5 score) 0.65217 0.45455 0.57692
F1(F1 score - harmonic mean of precision and sensitivity) 0.75 0.4 0.54545
F2(F2 score) 0.88235 0.35714 0.51724
FDR(False discovery rate) 0.4 0.5 0.4
FN(False negative/miss/type 2 error) 0 2 3
FNR(Miss rate or false negative rate) 0.0 0.66667 0.5
FOR(False omission rate) 0.0 0.2 0.42857
FP(False positive/type 1 error/false alarm) 2 1 2
FPR(Fall-out or false positive rate) 0.22222 0.11111 0.33333
G(G-measure geometric mean of precision and sensitivity) 0.7746 0.40825 0.54772
J(Jaccard index) 0.6 0.25 0.375
LR+(Positive likelihood ratio) 4.5 3.0 1.5
LR-(Negative likelihood ratio) 0.0 0.75 0.75
MCC(Matthews correlation coefficient) 0.68313 0.2582 0.16903
MK(Markedness) 0.6 0.3 0.17143
N(Condition negative) 9 9 6
NPV(Negative predictive value) 1.0 0.8 0.57143
P(Condition positive) 3 3 6
POP(Population) 12 12 12
PPV(Precision or positive predictive value) 0.6 0.5 0.6
PRE(Prevalence) 0.25 0.25 0.5
RACC(Random accuracy) 0.10417 0.04167 0.20833
RACCU(Random accuracy unbiased) 0.11111 0.0434 0.21007
TN(True negative/correct rejection) 7 8 4
TNR(Specificity or true negative rate) 0.77778 0.88889 0.66667
TON(Test outcome negative) 7 10 7
TOP(Test outcome positive) 5 2 5
TP(True positive/hit) 3 1 3
TPR(Sensitivity, recall, hit rate, or true positive rate) 1.0 0.33333 0.5
>>> cm.matrix()
Predict 0 1 2
Actual
0 3 0 0
1 0 1 2
2 2 1 3
>>> cm.normalized_matrix()
Predict 0 1 2
Actual
0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.33333 0.66667
2 0.33333 0.16667 0.5 Direct CM
>>> from pycm import *
>>> cm2 = ConfusionMatrix(matrix={"Class1": {"Class1": 1, "Class2":2}, "Class2": {"Class1": 0, "Class2": 5}}) # Create CM Directly
>>> cm2
pycm.ConfusionMatrix(classes: ['Class1', 'Class2'])
>>> print(cm2)
Predict Class1 Class2
Actual
Class1 1 2
Class2 0 5
Overall Statistics :
95% CI (0.44994,1.05006)
Bennett_S 0.5
Chi-Squared None
Chi-Squared DF 1
Conditional Entropy None
Cramer_V None
Cross Entropy 1.2454
Gwet_AC1 0.6
Hamming Loss 0.25
Joint Entropy None
KL Divergence 0.29097
Kappa 0.38462
Kappa 95% CI (-0.354,1.12323)
Kappa No Prevalence 0.5
Kappa Standard Error 0.37684
Kappa Unbiased 0.33333
Lambda A None
Lambda B None
Mutual Information None
Overall_ACC 0.75
Overall_J (1.04762,0.52381)
Overall_RACC 0.59375
Overall_RACCU 0.625
PPV_Macro 0.85714
PPV_Micro 0.75
Phi-Squared None
Reference Entropy 0.95443
Response Entropy 0.54356
Scott_PI 0.33333
Standard Error 0.15309
Strength_Of_Agreement(Altman) Fair
Strength_Of_Agreement(Cicchetti) Poor
Strength_Of_Agreement(Fleiss) Poor
Strength_Of_Agreement(Landis and Koch) Fair
TPR_Macro 0.66667
TPR_Micro 0.75
Class Statistics :
Classes Class1 Class2
ACC(Accuracy) 0.75 0.75
BM(Informedness or bookmaker informedness) 0.33333 0.33333
DOR(Diagnostic odds ratio) None None
ERR(Error rate) 0.25 0.25
F0.5(F0.5 score) 0.71429 0.75758
F1(F1 score - harmonic mean of precision and sensitivity) 0.5 0.83333
F2(F2 score) 0.38462 0.92593
FDR(False discovery rate) 0.0 0.28571
FN(False negative/miss/type 2 error) 2 0
FNR(Miss rate or false negative rate) 0.66667 0.0
FOR(False omission rate) 0.28571 0.0
FP(False positive/type 1 error/false alarm) 0 2
FPR(Fall-out or false positive rate) 0.0 0.66667
G(G-measure geometric mean of precision and sensitivity) 0.57735 0.84515
J(Jaccard index) 0.33333 0.71429
LR+(Positive likelihood ratio) None 1.5
LR-(Negative likelihood ratio) 0.66667 0.0
MCC(Matthews correlation coefficient) 0.48795 0.48795
MK(Markedness) 0.71429 0.71429
N(Condition negative) 5 3
NPV(Negative predictive value) 0.71429 1.0
P(Condition positive) 3 5
POP(Population) 8 8
PPV(Precision or positive predictive value) 1.0 0.71429
PRE(Prevalence) 0.375 0.625
RACC(Random accuracy) 0.04688 0.54688
RACCU(Random accuracy unbiased) 0.0625 0.5625
TN(True negative/correct rejection) 5 1
TNR(Specificity or true negative rate) 1.0 0.33333
TON(Test outcome negative) 7 1
TOP(Test outcome positive) 1 7
TP(True positive/hit) 1 5
TPR(Sensitivity, recall, hit rate, or true positive rate) 0.33333 1.0 Activation Threshold
threshold is added in Version 0.9 for real value prediction.
For more information visit Example3
Load From File
file is added in Version 0.9.5 in order to load saved confusion matrix with .obj format generated by save_obj method.
For more information visit Example4
Acceptable Data Types
actual_vector: pythonlistor numpyarrayof any stringable objectspredict_vector: pythonlistor numpyarrayof any stringable objectsmatrix:dictdigit:intthreshold:FunctionType (function or lambda)file:File object
- run
help(ConfusionMatrix)forConfusionMatrixobject details
For more information visit here
Issues & Bug Reports
Just fill an issue and describe it. We'll check it ASAP! or send an email to [email protected].
Todo
- Basic
- TP
- FP
- FN
- TN
- Population
- Condition positive
- Condition negative
- Test outcome positive
- Test outcome negative
- Class Statistics
- ACC
- ERR
- BM
- DOR
- F1-Score
- FDR
- FNR
- FOR
- FPR
- LR+
- LR-
- MCC
- MK
- NPV
- PPV
- TNR
- TPR
- Prevalence
- G-measure
- RACC
- Outputs
- CSV File
- HTML File
- Output File
- Table
- Normalized Table
- Overall Statistics
- CI
- Chi-Squared
- Phi-Squared
- Cramer's V
- Kappa
- Kappa Unbiased
- Kappa No Prevalence
- Aickin's alpha
- Bennett S score
- Gwet's AC1
- Scott's pi
- Krippendorff's alpha
- Goodman and Kruskal's lambda A
- Goodman and Kruskal's lambda B
- Kullback-Liebler divergence
- Entropy
- Overall ACC
- Strength of Agreement
- Landis and Koch
- Fleiss
- Altman
- Cicchetti
- TPR Micro/Macro
- PPV Micro/Macro
- Jaccard Index
- Hamming Loss
Outputs
Dependencies
Contribution
Changes and improvements are more than welcome! dev
Remember to write a few tests for your code before sending pull requests.
References
1- J. R. Landis, G. G. Koch, “The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics,” in International Biometric Society, pp. 159–174, 1977.
2- D. M. W. Powers, “Evaluation: from precision, recall and f-measure to roc, informedness, markedness & correlation,” in Journal of Machine Learning Technologies, pp.37-63, 2011.
3- C. Sammut, G. Webb, “Encyclopedia of Machine Learning” in Springer, 2011.
4- J. L. Fleiss, “Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters,” in Psychological Bulletin, pp. 378-382.
5- D.G. Altman, “Practical Statistics for Medical Research,” in Chapman and Hall, 1990.
6- K. L. Gwet, “Computing inter-rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement,” in The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, pp. 29–48, 2008.”
7- W. A. Scott, “Reliability of content analysis: The case of nominal scaling,” in Public Opinion Quarterly, pp. 321–325, 1955.
8- E. M. Bennett, R. Alpert, and A. C. Goldstein, “Communication through limited response questioning,” in The Public Opinion Quarterly, pp. 303–308, 1954.
9- D. V. Cicchetti, "Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology," in Psychological Assessment, pp. 284–290, 1994.
10- R.B. Davies, "Algorithm AS155: The Distributions of a Linear Combination of χ2 Random Variables," in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, pp. 323–333, 1980.
11- S. Kullback, R. A. Leibler "On information and sufficiency," in Annals of Mathematical Statistics, pp. 79–86, 1951.
12- L. A. Goodman, W. H. Kruskal, "Measures of Association for Cross Classifications, IV: Simplification of Asymptotic Variances," in Journal of the American Statistical Association, pp. 415–421, 1972.
13- L. A. Goodman, W. H. Kruskal, "Measures of Association for Cross Classifications III: Approximate Sampling Theory," in Journal of the American Statistical Association, pp. 310–364, 1963.
14- T. Byrt, J. Bishop and J. B. Carlin, “Bias, prevalence, and kappa,” in Journal of Clinical Epidemiology pp. 423-429, 1993.
15- M. Shepperd, D. Bowes, and T. Hall, “Researcher Bias: The Use of Machine Learning in Software Defect Prediction,” in IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 603-616, 2014.
16- X. Deng, Q. Liu, Y. Deng, and S. Mahadevan, “An improved method to construct basic probability assignment based on the confusion matrix for classification problem, ” in Information Sciences, pp.250-261, 2016.
Cite
If you use PyCM in your research , please cite this JOSS paper :
Haghighi, S., Jasemi, M., Hessabi, S. and Zolanvari, A. (2018). PyCM: Multiclass confusion matrix library in Python. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(25), p.729.
@article{Haghighi2018,
doi = {10.21105/joss.00729},
url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00729},
year = {2018},
month = {may},
publisher = {The Open Journal},
volume = {3},
number = {25},
pages = {729},
author = {Sepand Haghighi and Masoomeh Jasemi and Shaahin Hessabi and Alireza Zolanvari},
title = {{PyCM}: Multiclass confusion matrix library in Python},
journal = {Journal of Open Source Software}
}
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