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01.hello-world

初认识Rust

1. 安装Rust

参考官网：https://www.rust-lang.org/zh-CN/tools/install
你使用 Linux 或 Mac，你需要做的仅仅是（注意，你不需要输入$符号，它标识一个命令行的开始）：

$ curl -s https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup.sh | sudo sh

卸载

$ curl -s https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup.sh | sudo sh -s -- --uninstall

在任何时候，你都可以重新执行这个脚本来升级 Rust .

若，你已经安装Rust，打开命令行：

$ rustc --version

显示

rustc 1.40.0 (73528e339 2019-12-16)

恭喜，你已经安装成功。windows的同学，参考上面的安装链接。

2. 认识Cargo

Cargo：Rust 的构建工具和包管理器
在安装 Rustup 时，也会安装 Rust 构建工具和包管理器的最新稳定版，即 Cargo。Cargo 可以做很多事情：

cargo build 构建项目
cargo run 运行项目
cargo test 测试项目
cargo doc 为项目构建文档
cargo publish 将库发布到 crates.io
要检查您是否安装了 Rust 和 Cargo，可以在终端中运行：

cargo --version

打印Cargo版本

cargo 1.40.0 (bc8e4c8be 2019-11-22)

要详细, 研究cargo可以到这里：https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/index.html

3.Hello Word

cargo new hello-world

cargo就自动生成了hello-world项目。
为了好排序，我重命名一下：mv hello-world 01-hello-world。
注意：一般package包名不以数字开头，所以用hello-world。

01-hello-world目录结构如下：

├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── src
    └── main.rs

01-hello-world/src/main.rs如下：

fn main() {
    println!("Hello, world!");
}

01-hello-world/Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "hello-world"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["jsl6 <[email protected]>"]
edition = "2018"

# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

[dependencies]

运行：

cd 01-hello-world
cargo run

控制台输出：

01-hello-world git:(master) ✗ cargo run
   Compiling hello-world v0.1.0 (/Users/jsl6/work/github/jsl6/rust-learn/01-hello-world)
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 2.13s
     Running `target/debug/hello-world`
Hello, world!

恭喜输出：Hello World

03.debug rust lang in vscode

vscode rust

使用vscode对rust开发调试
首先安装rust插件
Rust
Rust Extension Pack
Rust Test Explorer

配置开发

以Mac为例，cmd + shirft + p打开命令面板，输入：

tasks

选择 Tasks: Configure Default Build Task，再选择：Rust: cargo build
task
cargo-build

vscode就会生成：.vscode/tasks.json

{
  // See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558 
  // for the documentation about the tasks.json format
  "version": "2.0.0",
  "tasks": [
    {
      "type": "cargo",
      "subcommand": "build",
      "problemMatcher": [
        "$rustc"
      ],
      "group": {
        "kind": "build",
        "isDefault": true
      }
    }
  ]
}

将"subcommand": "build" 改成 ："subcommand": "run"
这样按cmd + shirft + B，就能直接运行:

> Executing task: cargo run <

    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
     Running `target/debug/vscode-rust`
Hello, world!

Terminal will be reused by tasks, press any key to close it.

配置测试task

在src/main.rs添加测试方法：

#[test]
fn fail() {
    unimplemented!();
}

以Mac为例，cmd + shirft + p打开命令面板，输入：

tasks

选择 Tasks: Configure Default Test Task，再选择：Rust: cargo test
cargo test

> Executing task: cargo test <

   Compiling vscode-rust v0.1.0 (/Users/zhaoxiongliang/work/github/jsl6/rust-learn/03-vscode-rust)
    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.44s
     Running target/debug/deps/vscode_rust-e3d6a94d5c6c8ae6

running 1 test
test fail ... FAILED

failures:

---- fail stdout ----
thread 'fail' panicked at 'not yet implemented', src/main.rs:6:5
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace.


failures:
    fail

test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out

error: test failed, to rerun pass '--bin vscode-rust'
The terminal process terminated with exit code: 101

Terminal will be reused by tasks, press any key to close it.

Debug环境

安装：
C/C++ extension.
Native Debug

!在Debug菜单，Add Congfigration,选择“C++ (Windows)” environment"
debug
生成

{
  // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
  // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
  // For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "(lldb) 启动",
      "type": "cppdbg",
      "request": "launch",
      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/a.out",
      "args": [],
      "stopAtEntry": false,
      "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
      "environment": [],
      "externalConsole": false,
      "MIMode": "lldb"
    }
  ]
}

将"program": "${workspaceFolder}/a.out",改成：

"program": "${workspaceFolder}/target/debug/vscode-rust",

在main.rs打上断点，在debug模式下启动，就能进入程序调试：
rust debugger

04. Rust之所有权Ownership

Rust语言之所有权Ownership

什么是所有权（ownership）？

先看一段代码，先新建一个项目carog new ownership(见前面的01-Hello-World) , 方便排序，我重名成04-ownership
将src/main.rs改成:

fn main() {
    let a = [1, 2, 3];
    let b = a;
    println!("a = {:?}, b = {:?}",a, b);  // 这是正常： a = [1, 2, 3], b = [1, 2, 3]
}

此时运行正常:

➜  04-ownership git:(master) ✗ cargo run
   Compiling ownership v0.1.0 (/Users/jsl6/work/github/jsl6/rust-learn/04-ownership)
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.29s
     Running `target/debug/ownership`
a = [1, 2, 3], b = [1, 2, 3]

接着，将src/main.rs改成:
fn main() {
let a = [1, 2, 3];
let b = a;
println!("a = {:?}, b = {:?}",a, b); // 这是正常： a = [1, 2, 3], b = [1, 2, 3]

let c = vec![1, 2, 3];
let d = c;

println!("c = {:?}, d = {:?}",c, d);

}

此时运行cargo

04-ownership git:(master) ✗ cargo run
   Compiling ownership v0.1.0 (/Users/jsl6/work/github/jsl6/rust-learn/04-ownership)
error[E0382]: borrow of moved value: `c`
 --> src/main.rs:9:35
  |
6 |     let c = vec![1, 2, 3];
  |         - move occurs because `c` has type `std::vec::Vec<i32>`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait
7 |     let d = c;
  |             - value moved here
8 | 
9 |     println!("c = {:?}, d = {:?}",c, d);
  |                                   ^ value borrowed here after move

error: aborting due to previous error

For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0382`.
error: could not compile `ownership`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.

此时运行错误,傲娇的编译器女王，告诉我们：value borrowed here after move

在Rust中，对象都只能有一个所有权(Ownership)。好比一本书，你买了，就有它的所有权，你借给别人，所有权就临时借给了别人，或者到了别人手上，就临时拥有所有权。
Rust的设计哲学,就是默认所有的线程操作都是不安全的。若所有的数据,默认是不可变的，那么所有的线程操作都是线程安全的,是可以共享数据的。

回到上面的例子：
let a = vec![1, 2, 3];

let b = a; // a把数据给b. a已经没有数据的所有权，就访问不了数据,编译器就报错了。

那为何第一段代码不报错了呢？

rust中分两种数据类型：

1.9种基本数据类型： 如：bool（布尔），char（字符）,integer（整数）,floating（浮点）,arrays（数组），tuples(元组)，slice(切片),字符串（str），函数指针(functions)

对基本类型的详细说明 可以参考英文教程：

https://learning-rust.github.io/docs/a6.variable_bindings,constants_and_statics.html

或中文参考：http://wiki.jikexueyuan.com/project/rust/primitive-types.html

2.非基本类型：

即除基本类型外的其它类型，一般为引用类型。

Rust对两种数据类型，有不同的处理方式：复制 和 移动

  1. 对基本类型，Rust会将a的数据复制给b，并将a所有的数据状态,设为"已复制(coped)"状态。
  2. 对非基本类型，Rust会将c的数据移动,赋值给d,将c的数据状态，设为"已移动(moved)"状态。

所以，Rust内部又定义了两种类型:复制类型（Copy type ），移动类型（ Move type ）。

注意一点，对于函数指针类型，一般情况下为移动类型（ Move type ），但如果它实现以下接口：

core::marker::Copy trait

则它也是复制类型，执行复制的模式。

02.cargo

Cargo - Rust包管理器

添加依赖

新建项目cargo，重名02-cargo并且启动：

cargo new cargo
mv cargo 02-cargo # 这部分为了排序方便，可忽略
cd 02-cargo
cargo run

添加依赖

可以在 crates.io，即 Rust 包的仓库中找到所有类别的库。在 Rust 中，我们通常把包称作“crates”。

在本项目中，我们使用了名为 ferris-says 的库。

我们在 Cargo.toml 文件中添加以下信息（从 crate 页面上获取）：

[dependencies]  
ferris-says = "0.1"

接着运行：

cargo build

此命令就会自动下载依赖包，生成新文件 Cargo.lock，该文件记录了本地所用依赖库的精确版本.

接着使用该依赖，打开src/main.rs:

use ferris_says::say;
use std::io::{stdout, BufWriter};

fn main() {
    let stdout = stdout();
    let out = b"Hello, world!";
    let width = 24;

    let mut writer = BufWriter::new(stdout.lock());
    say(out, width, &mut writer).unwrap();
    println!("");
}

命令行运行

cargo run

首次会下载依赖包，并且编译：

02-cargo git:(master) ✗ cargo run
    Updating crates.io index
  Downloaded ferris-says v0.1.1
  Downloaded smallvec v0.4.5
  Downloaded error-chain v0.10.0
  Downloaded clap v2.33.0
  Downloaded ansi_term v0.11.0
  Downloaded backtrace v0.3.42
  Downloaded strsim v0.8.0
  Downloaded textwrap v0.11.0
  Downloaded unicode-width v0.1.7
  Downloaded atty v0.2.14
  Downloaded vec_map v0.8.1
  Downloaded cc v1.0.50
   Compiling libc v0.2.66
   Compiling cc v1.0.50
   Compiling bitflags v1.2.1
   Compiling rustc-demangle v0.1.16
   Compiling unicode-width v0.1.7
   Compiling cfg-if v0.1.10
   Compiling strsim v0.8.0
   Compiling ansi_term v0.11.0
   Compiling vec_map v0.8.1
   Compiling smallvec v0.4.5
   Compiling textwrap v0.11.0
   Compiling atty v0.2.14
   Compiling clap v2.33.0
   Compiling backtrace-sys v0.1.32
   Compiling backtrace v0.3.42
   Compiling error-chain v0.10.0
   Compiling ferris-says v0.1.1
   Compiling cargo v0.1.0 (/Users/zhaoxiongliang/work/github/jsl6/rust-learn/02-cargo)
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 31.88s
     Running `target/debug/cargo`

----------------------------
| Hello, world!            |
----------------------------
              \
               \
                  _~^~^~_
              \) /  o o  \ (/
                '_   -   _'
                / '-----' \

如果你能看到最后的打印结果。
那么恭喜你，你已经可以写rust的代码了。

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